Question 134-1 : Which is correct .1 paradoxic rem sleep refreshes the brain memory and body .2 paradoxic rem sleep decreases during the night ? [ Revision flight ]
Neither
.the final stage of sleep is the rem rapid eye movement sleep in this stage the brain activity is the same as you would get from an individual that is awake the eyes twitch rapidly rem but the muscles are completely relaxed rem sleep is also known as paradoxical sleep because apart from the relaxed muscles and the closed eyes it is as if the person is awake .first bout of rem paradoxical sleep occurs for about 10 minutes as the sleep cycle continues throughout the night rem sleep becomes longer a typical night sleep will contain four or five rem cycles rem sleep increases when learning new skills it seems to be a way of strengthening and organising memory whereas slow wave sleep increases after exercise and is associated with the restoration of the body and the reconstitution of neuron energy reserves
Question 134-2 : When suffering from hypoxia short term memory impairment starts at approximately at ?
12 000 ft
.symptoms of hypoxia when flying without oxygen above 12000 ft can be headache fatigue dizziness lack of co ordination short term memory impairment starts at approximately 12000 ft
Question 134-3 : The team spirit of a cockpit crew depends most likely on both pilots ?
Respecting each other and striving for the same goals
Question 134-4 : With regard to short term memory we can say that ?
It holds information for immediate use and is limited in its capacity for storing and retaining data
Question 134-5 : Which of the following statements is false ?
Stress has essentially negative effects and the human will operate efficiently with an absence of stress
.some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance .the other statements are true
Question 134-6 : Which of the following statements best fits the definition of an active error active error is ?
Produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected
Question 134-7 : Which of the following statements fits best the concept of latent error ?
Latent errors may have been present in the system for a certain length of time and are difficult to identify as a result of the time lag between the generation and the occurrence of the error
Question 134-8 : What are the main advantages that the human possesses over those of a machine in the decision making process ?
Creativity innovation and adaptability
Question 134-9 : We generate mental models on ?
Past experience and learning
Question 134-10 : What are two types of attention ?
Selective and divided
Question 134-11 : The use of professional languages offers ?
Quick comprehension and simplified grammar
Question 134-12 : The use of check lists should be carried out in such a way that ?
Their execution should not be done simultaneously with other actions
Question 134-13 : The unique organisation of characteristics which determine the typical or standard behaviour of an individual is known as ?
Personality
Question 134-14 : What optimises crew co operation .1 sharing and common task.2 confidence in each others capability.3 precise definition of functions associated with each crew members role ?
1 2 3
Question 134-15 : What is the main adverse effect of expectation with regards to perception ?
Expectation often guides the focus of attention towards a particular aspect while possible alternates are neglected
Question 134-16 : What are the most frequent results of an self centred captain on the flight deck ?
In a two pilot flight deck the co pilot is ignored and may react by disengaging showing delayed responses or aggression
Question 134-17 : The three types of authority gradient cockpits are ?
Autocratic laisser faire and synergistic
Question 134-18 : What is self concept ?
How you see yourself
Question 134-19 : What is meant by the term 'complacency' ?
Unjustified self confidence
Question 134-20 : What is 'divided attention' ?
The management of several matters of interest dealt with individually one after the other
Question 134-21 : Internal conflict within oneself is termed as ?
Intra personal conflict
Question 134-22 : In his/her behaviour the 'ideal professional pilot' is ?
Both 'person' and 'goal' oriented
Question 134-23 : Mode error is associated with ?
Automation
.mode error refers to the omission of a required action or intervention with automation actions mode errors lead to automation surprises* when the pilot notices that the automation is engaged in activities that were not commanded or fails to engage in activities.that were thought to be commanded both mode errors and automation surprises have played a role in recent incidents and accidents and can lead to poor or slow compliance with atc clearances e g deviations from assigned altitudes . *an automation surprise is an action that is performed by an automation system and is unexpected by the user a mode error can be a common cause of an automation surprise automation surprise can be dangerous when it upsets the situational awareness of a control operator
Question 134-24 : Phobic states or obsessional disorders will ?
May require successful treatment before flying may be permitted
Question 134-25 : In the decision making process confirmation bias results in ?
A tendency to look for information which confirms the validity of the decision
Question 134-26 : In order to make sound decisions it is important to ?
Understand why and how we make decisions
Question 134-27 : Stress may cause regression which can lead to ?
Correct actions being forgotten and substituted for procedures learnt in the past
Question 134-28 : It is generally considered that the most serious non professional stressor is ?
Death of a spouse or partner
Question 134-29 : Cohesion is a major advantage in times of ?
Difficulty
.disadvantage of low cohesion or a 'weak cohesion' is an increase in difficulty to accomplish a task .therefore cohesion is a major advantage in times of difficulty
Question 134-30 : Select from the following list the advantages of teamwork .1 workload is lessened.2 conformity to group norm.3 flight safety enhanced.4 risky shift.5 work stress is reduced.6 improved decision making ?
1 3 5 and 6
Question 134-31 : Select from the following list environmental stressors .1 heat.2 humidity.3 divorce.4 lack of rest.5 loss of job.6 noise ?
1 2 and 6
.physiological stress factors .this category can be broken down into two parts .external physiological factors noise temperature vibrations etc sometimes known as environmental stress .internal physiological factors hunger fatigue lack of sleep etc
Question 134-32 : Motivation is an important attribute which contributes to flight safety which of the following statements is correct with regards to motivation ?
Excessive motivation leads to stress which adversely affects performance
Question 134-33 : In decision making the selection of a solution depends on .1 objective and subjective criteria.2 the objective to be achieved.3 the risks associated with each solution.4 the personality of the decision maker ?
1 2 3 4
Question 134-34 : Planning ?
Allows crew members to anticipate potential risky situations and decide on possible responses
Question 134-35 : Physiological stressors include ?
Noise temperature low or high humidity sleep deprivation
Question 134-36 : Physiological problems due to increasing altitude are caused by ?
Decreased atmospheric pressure
Question 134-37 : In order to limit stress when flying a pilot should ?
Maintain his competence by practicing his professional skills and learning from past experiences
Question 134-38 : Expressed as a simple mathematical statement when considering a crew of two good synergy is ?
1 + 1 = > 2
Question 134-39 : Having interrupted the captain for a sound reason the co pilot should ?
Remind him/her of his/her last action before the interruption
Question 134-40 : How do you understand the statement 'one cannot not communicate' ?
Being silent as well as inactive are nonverbal behaviour patterns which express a meaning
.quite a lot of communication is carried on below the level of consciousness you don't have to think about this sort of communication it just happens automatically this certainly saves some effort but it does not always have the effect you might have chosen if you had had the opportunity to consult yourself about the matter .even when you think you are not sending any messages that absence of messages is quite evident to any observer and can itself constitute quite a significant message not only that but we usually transmit quite a few non verbal messages unconsciously even when we think we are not sending any messages at all .this means that unless you are a hermit you cannot really avoid communicating you can of course very easily get your communication scrambled often in both directions but that is not much consolation in other words you cannot not communicate but you can not communicate accurately .austrian born psychologist/philosopher paul watzlawick explained his interactional communication theories through five axioms .axiom 1 cannot not .'one cannot not communicate ' because every behaviour is a kind of communication people who are aware of each other are constantly communicating any perceivable behaviour including the absence of action has the potential to be interpreted by other people as having some meaning .axiom 2 content & relationship .'every communication has a content and relationship aspect such that the latter classifies the former and is therefore a meta communication ' each person responds to the content of communication in the context of the relationship between the communicators the word meta communication is used in various ways and therefore not at all by me but watzlawick uses it to mean the exchange of information about how to interpret other information .just as the interpretation of the words 'what an idiot you are' could be influenced by the following words 'just kidding' it could also be influenced by the relationship between the communicators in the example given the word 'idiot' might be accepted quite happily from a close friend but convey an entirely different meaning in other circumstances .axiom 3 punctuation .'the nature of a relationship is dependent on the punctuation of the partners' communication procedures ' in many cases communication involves a veritable maelstrom of messages flying in all directions this applies especially to the non verbal messages the 'punctuation' referred to is the process of organising groups of messages into meanings this is analogous to the punctuation of written language in either case the punctuation can sometimes alter the meaning considerably .for example consider the occurrence of an angry response after an interruption the latter having followed a suggested course of action this might be interpreted as anger at the suggested course of action if the interruption was 'punctuated out' of the sequence so that the suggestion and the anger were effectively grouped together as a tight sequence however if the receiver punctuated the information so that the interruption and the anger formed a tight sequence it might be interpreted as anger at the interruption .axiom 4 digital & analogic .'human communication involves both digital and analogic modalities ' this one needs a bit of translating the term 'digital' which today usually refers either to numbers computers or fingers is used in this axiom to refer to discrete defined elements of communication these are usually words but very specific gestures with generally agreed meanings would also qualify .the term 'analogic' also needs some translation it is a variant of analogical the adjective derived from analogy it therefore refers to a correspondence in certain respects between things which are otherwise different in this case it describes a type of communication in which the representation to some extent evokes the thing to which it refers for example shaking a fist in front of a person's face would evoke the idea of violence .what else needs translating oh yes 'modalities' as mentioned in appendix 1 the word 'modality' is used in very many different ways in this case i think watzlawick is using modalities in the sense of types or sorts of information transfer .axiom 5 symmetric or complementary .'inter human communication procedures are either symmetric or complementary depending on whether the relationship of the partners is based on differences or parity ' a 'symmetric' relationship here means one in which the parties involved behave as equals from a power perspective the chance of airing all the relevant issues should be greater but it certainly does not guarantee that the communication will be optimal the parties could simply be equally submissive or equally domineering however communication between equals often does work well .a 'complementary' relationship here means one of unequal power such as parent child boss employee or leader follower this is much more efficient in some situations for example the unequal complementary relationship between soldiers and their officers means that soldiers are very likely to obey a surprising order such as 'get out of the truck and jump in the river ' without delay rather than debating it perhaps with great interest but quite possibly at fatal length
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