Question 146-1 : In problem solving what determines the transition from rule based activities to a knowledge based activity ? [ Certification weather ]

Question 146-2 : The main limitation of the long term memory is ?

Unless information is accessed from time to time retrieval of information can be difficult.

Question 146-3 : What are the main limits of short term memory 1 very sensitive to interruptions and interference2 difficult to access3 limited in size4 information is lost within approximately 20 seconds unless it is actively or deliberately placed into the long term memoryit is ?

1 3 4.

Question 146-4 : Action plans sop's in a cockpit must ?

Be shared by the members of the crew and updated at each modification in order to maintain maximum synergy.

Question 146-5 : Workload essentially depends on ?

The current situation the pilot's expertise and the ergonomics of the system.

Workload might simply be defined as the demand placed on the human operator at a given time workload depends on the current situation the pilot's expertise and the ergonomics of the system

Question 146-6 : A pilot becomes skilled when heshe 1 trains or practises regularly 2 knows how to manage himselfherself 3 possesses all the knowledge associated with his aircraft4 knows how to keep resources in reserve for coping with the unexpected ?

1 2 4.

Competence is not related to knowledge possess all the knowledge associated with his aircraft does not mean you have good skills a pilot becomes skilled when he trains when he knows how to manage himself and to keep resources in reserve for coping with the unexpected

Question 146-7 : Man possesses a system for maintaining his internal equilibrium in the face of variations brought about by external stimulations this internal equilibrium is called ?

Homeostasis.

Question 146-8 : Stress is ?

A mechanism by which an individual can respond to situations which heshe may have to face.

Question 146-9 : General adaptation syndrome is characterised by the following phases 1 alarm2 alert phase3 resistance phase4 exhaustion phase5 vigilance phase ?

1 3 4.

The three stage response to stress is called the general adaptation syndrome the phases of the general adaptation syndrome are alarm resistance and exhaustionalarm phase during the alarm phase a stressor disturbs homeostasis the brain subconsciously perceives the stressor and prepares the body either to fight or to run away a response sometimes called the fight or flight response when the mind perceives a stressor the cerebral cortex is called to attention if the cerebral cortex consciously or unconsciously perceives a threat it triggers an autonomic nervous system response that prepares the body for action the autonomic nervous system is the portion of the central nervous system that regulates bodily functions that we do not normally consciously control when we are stressed the rate of all these bodily functions increases dramatically to give us the physical strength to protect ourselves against an attack or to mobilize internal forces in addition to this the hypothalamus a section of the brain functions as the control center and determines the overall reaction to stressors when the hypothalamus perceives that extra energy is needed to fight a stressor it stimulates the adrenal glands to release the hormone epinephrine also called adrenaline epinephrine causes more blood to be pumped with each beat of the heart dilates the air sacs in the lungs to increase oxygen intake increases the breathing rate stimulates the liver to release more glucose and dilates the pupils to improve visual sensitivity the body is then poised to act immediatelyresistance phase the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome begins almost immediately after the alarm phase starts in this phase the body has reacted to the stressor and adjusted in a way that begins to allow the body to return to homeostasis as the hypothalamus is working to energize the body other processes are occurring to keep energy levels under control and return the body to a normal level of functioningexhaustion phase in the exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome the physical and psychological energy used to fight a stressor has been depleted short term stress would probably not deplete all of a person's energy reserves but chronic stressors such as the struggle to get straight as financial worries or fights with family and friends may create continuous states of alarm and resistance when a person no longer has the adaptation energy stores for fighting a distressor serious illness may result

Question 146-10 : Safety is often improved by applying the principles of crm crew resource management eg ?

Expression of doubts or of a different opinion.

Question 146-11 : An efficient flight deck synergetic cockpit will be observed when ?

Decisions are taken by the captain with the help and participation of the other crew members.

Question 146-12 : A non synergistic cockpit ?

Is characterised by withdrawn crewmembers and unclear communication.

Question 146-13 : Crm crew resource management training is ?

Intended to develop effectiveness of crew performance by improving attitudes towards flight safety and human relationship management.

Question 146-14 : Which of the following characteristics apply to short term memory 1 it is limited in time and size 2 it is unlimited in time and limited in size 3 it is stable and insensitive to disturbances 4 it is limited in time and unlimited in size ?

1.

Question 146-15 : Which of the following statements about long term memory are correct 1 information is stored in the semantic episodic and procedural memories 2 the period of time for which information is retained is limited by the frequency with which this same information is used 3 it processes information ?

1 and 4 are correct.

Question 146-16 : Which statement is correct regarding alcohol in the human body ?

Judgement and decision making can be affected even by a small amount of alcohol.

Question 146-17 : A stress reaction is ?

The non specific response of the body to demands placed on a person.

It was discovered that the body's stress response consists of a predictable non specific three stage pattern of physiological responses the alarm stage the adaptiveresistance stage and the exhaustion stage not everyone experiences all three stages the alarm stage is the fight or flight response that prepares a person to meet a challenge or threat the person experiences the changes characteristic of the first exposure to a stressor which include anxiety panic fear racing thoughts increased heart rate increased blood pressure headaches muscle tension gastrointestinal distress etc the adaptiveresistance stage is the stage during which the body may return to its pre excited state and recovers from the physiological strains of the alarm stage once the stressor is eliminated the exhaustion stage is reached only when the person becomes stuck in the alarm stage or goes through the alarm and resistance stages too often

Question 146-18 : A person being exposed to extreme or prolonged stress factors can perceive ?

Distress.

This is a stress reactions the non specific response of the body to every demand placed on a person

Question 146-19 : Which of the following list may stress effect 1 attention2 concentration3 memory4 judgment ?

1 2 3 and 4 are correct.

Question 146-20 : According to the different phases of the general adaptation syndrome which of the following statement s isare correct 1 during the alarm phase stress hormones ie adrenalin will cause a massive release of glucose into the blood an acceleration of pulse and blood pressure as well as an increase in the ?

1 2 and 3 are correct.

Question 146-21 : If coping with a stress situation is impossible one will remain in the state of ?

Distress.

Question 146-22 : Which of the following statements concerning stress are true 1 adaptation is a new state of equilibrium after having coped with a stressful situation2 an individual's anticipation of the situation and hisher perceived abilities to cope with it will determine the type and strength of stress ?

1 and 2 are both true.

Question 146-23 : The level at which a pilot will experience a situation as stressful ?

Depends on the individual's perception of available abilities in comparison to the perceived demands.

Question 146-24 : An identical situation can be experienced by one pilot as exciting in a positive sense and by another pilot as threatening in both cases ?

The arousal level of both pilots will be raised.

Question 146-25 : Which of the following statements is correct 1 psychosomatic means that mental andor emotional stressors can be manifested in physical reactions2 psychosomatic means that a physical problem is always followed by psychological stress ?

1 is correct 2 is false.

Question 146-26 : Whilst flying a coordinated turn most of your activity is ?

Skill based behaviour.

Question 146-27 : The ability to monitor information which could indicate the development of a critical situation ?

Is necessary to maintain good situational awareness.

Question 146-28 : Which of the following statements are correct 1 the first information received determines how subsequent information will be evaluated2 if one has made up one's mind contradictory information may not get the attention it really needs3 with increasing stress attention is limited thereby reducing the ?

1 2 and 3 are correct.

Question 146-29 : In an abnormal situation the pilot has an apparently correct explanation for the problem the chance that heshe now ignores or devalues other relevant information not fitting into hisher mental picture is ?

Not usual.

Chrism i think that the answer should read 'not unusual'it is an abnormal situation and so you will be looking for all the clues you can find to check your understandingthe question states the pilot has an apparently correct explanation it is only 'apparently' correct so heshe is still looking for confirmation of their assesment of the situationthis is not a routine situation where the pilot is convinced that they have assessed things correctly and will ignore contractory facts it is abnormal and there is some doubt so all information will be considered

Question 146-30 : Which of the following statements are correct 1 interesting information is easier to take into consideration for creating a mental picture than boring information2 the sequence in which information is presented is also important for the use the pilot makes of it ?

1 and 2 are both correct.

Question 146-31 : A pilot experiences difficulties in the control of his aircraft and consequently omits to monitor the fuel level this is caused by ?

A lack of attention due to distraction.

Question 146-32 : Decisions made by pilots in a cockpit ?

Remain valid for a limited time only.

Question 146-33 : Environmental sources of stress in the cockpit could be 1 noise and vibration2 acceleration3 radiation 4 extreme temperatureswhich of the following lists all the correct answers ?

1 2 3 and 4.

Question 146-34 : The autocratic leadership style is synonymous with ?

An authoritarian style.

Question 146-35 : Waiting for takeoff on the runway a pilot is informed by the tower that the tail wind component is 12 kt according to the manual the limitation is 10 kt maxthe pilot makes a decision to take off anyway as the runway is long ?

This is a violation.

Question 146-36 : Personality is based on 1 heredity2 upbringing3 experience4 childhood ?

1 2 3 and 4 are correct.

Question 146-37 : One of the major protective measures against illusions is ?

Comprehensive briefing and de briefing.

Most illusions can be anticipated by considering prevailing conditions visibility prevailing weather sloping ground etc a good briefing will ensure that the crew members are prepared for possible illusions

Question 146-38 : Of the following statements regarding stress which is correct ?

Stress may be positive fatigue is always negative.

Ivanivan stress may be positive when stress has effects on the body the mind and the health and thus the performance of the individualthe graph below shows the relationship between stress and performance com encom040 581jpgit is an inverted u curve when there is little or no stress there is a drop in vigilance and performance is poor as stress increases performance increases up to the optimum 'the break point' after which if stress continues to rise performance is degraded

Question 146-39 : Name the commonest problem of the long term memory and how would you counteract it ?

Unless an item is recalled regularly it becomes more and more difficult to retrieve from the ltm store.

Question 146-40 : The first cockpit tool that tends to suffer as a result of stress ?

Cockpit communications.