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Question 190-1 : You are flying parallel to the coastline an ndb is positioned about 10 nm inland in which areas will you observe the shoreline/coastal effect . 2558 ? [ Level reports ]

Area c + d deflection to the coastline

.coastal refraction or shoreline effect .low frequency radio waves will refract or bend near a shoreline especially if they are close to parallel to it .least when bearings normal perpendicular to coastline ..radio waves passing the coastline at small angles suffer refraction due to different conducting and reflecting properties over land and sea a false bearing indication is obtained at aircraft flying over sea and taking bearings from ndb located over land the effect is less for an ndb on coast than one inland and on a bearing 90° to coastline then at an oblique angle hence given the choice use beacon at coast and rely on bearings perpendicular to the coastline exemple 290 Area c + d, deflection to the coastline.

Question 190-2 : The phenomenon of a change in direction of an em wave occurring at an interface between two different media so that the wave returns into the medium from which it originated is called ?

Reflection

Ecqb03 august 2016 exemple 294 Reflection.

Question 190-3 : What is required to enable an antenna to transmit an electromagnetic wave ?

The antenna has to be fed with an alternating current of high frequency

Ecqb03 august 2016 exemple 298 The antenna has to be fed with an alternating current of high frequency.

Question 190-4 : An electromagnetic wave has two types of energy field ?

An e electrical field and h magnetic field

.an electromagnetic wave consists of an oscillating electric field e and an oscillating magnetic field h which propagates at the speed of light . 2552.the e and h fields are perpendicular to each other exemple 302 An e electrical field and h magnetic field.

Question 190-5 : In aviation electronic systems the so called doppler principle may be used in ?

Vor gps and mts and the turbulence mode of awr

.mts multi spectral targeting system exemple 306 Vor, gps and mts and the turbulence mode of awr.

Question 190-6 : The wavelength of a radio signal transmitted at the frequency of 3 ghz is ?

10 cm

.wavelength in meter = 300 / frequency in mhz.wavelength in meter = 300 000 / frequency in ghz.wavelength = 300 000 / 3 000 000 = 0 1 m exemple 310 10 cm.

Question 190-7 : The phase angle of a wave is ?

The fraction of one wavelength expressed in degrees from 000° to 360°

exemple 314 The fraction of one wavelength expressed in degrees from 000° to 360°.

Question 190-8 : Wavelength is defined as the ?

Physical distance travelled by a radio wave during one cycle of transmission

. 2549 exemple 318 Physical distance travelled by a radio wave during one cycle of transmission.

Question 190-9 : Antenna .the ils glide path antenna must be located ?

At approximately 300 m after the threshold and approximately 120 m laterally from the runway centreline

exemple 322 At approximately 300 m after the threshold and approximately 120 m laterally from the runway centreline.

Question 190-10 : The maximum separation distance between a vor and a dme having the same identifier is ?

2000 ft 600 m

exemple 326 2000 ft (600 m).

Question 190-11 : The ground wave surface wave propagates as follows ?

It travels along the earth' surface and follows the curvature of the earth

exemple 330 It travels along the earth' surface and follows the curvature of the earth.

Question 190-12 : The sky wave propagates as follows ?

A wave transmitted into space will be reflected back to the earth's surface by the ionosphere

Ecqb04 november 2017 exemple 334 A wave transmitted into space will be reflected back to the earth's surface by the ionosphere.

Question 190-13 : An electromagnetic waves travelling through the air directly from the transmitter to the receiver is a ?

Space wave

Ecqb04 november 2017 exemple 338 Space wave.

Question 190-14 : Radio waves in the vhf and higher frequency bands propagate mainly as ?

Space waves

Ecqb04 november 2017 exemple 342 Space waves.

Question 190-15 : From which physical phenomenon do sky waves originate ?

Refraction

exemple 346 Refraction.

Question 190-16 : The skip zone is defined as ?

The area where neither the ground waves nor the sky waves are received

Ecqb04 november 2017 exemple 350 The area, where neither the ground waves nor the sky waves are received.

Question 190-17 : The amplitude of an electromagnetic wave is defined as the ?

Maximum deflection in an oscillation or wave

. 2549.amplitude maximum deflection in an oscillation exemple 354 Maximum deflection in an oscillation or wave.

Question 190-18 : The definition of frequency modulation is ?

The information is carried by a modification of the frequency of the carrier

.frequency modulation the information that is impressed onto the carrier wave by altering the frequency of the carrier . 2560 exemple 358 The information is carried by a modification of the frequency of the carrier.

Question 190-19 : Frequency modulation consists of ?

A lf wave on an hf carrier wave

.frequency modulation the information that is impressed onto the carrier wave by altering the frequency of the carrier . 2560 exemple 362 A lf wave on an hf carrier wave.

Question 190-20 : Modulation is ?

The addition of information onto a radio wave during transmission

.modulation is addition of information onto a radio wave during transmission .the goal is to modify the radio frequency signal in order to superimpose audio and/or data signal a low frequency signal will be modulated by changing one ore more of its parameters amplitude frequency phase and then added onto a carrier wave which consists of a high frequency this process is known as 'modulation' and is necessary for transporting information via cable or through the air exemple 366 The addition of information onto a radio wave during transmission.

Question 190-21 : Skip distances are increased at night as ?

D layer disappears at night and the e and f layers are used instead

Ecqb04 november 2017 ..skip distance is the distance between the transmitter and the point on the surface of the earth where the first sky return arrives . 2551.skip distance will increase for a higher position of the reflecting ionospheric layer at night d layer disappears e layers almost disappears and therefore refraction occurs at a higher level the skip distance is increased exemple 370 D-layer disappears at night and the e and f-layers are used instead.

Question 190-22 : Which letter in the figure below indicates the 'ground wave' . 2561 ?

A

exemple 374 A.

Question 190-23 : A skip zone can be fin at letter s . 2561 ?

B and d

exemple 378 B and d.

Question 190-24 : The vhf omnirange vor uses the following wavelengths ?

Metric

Vor beacons operate at shorter ranges and are free from most of the errors that afflict ndbs .they use line of sight frequencies in the vhf band wavelenght from 10 m to 1 m refer f between 108 mhz and 117 975 mhz it means from 10m to 1 m .wave lenght in m = propagation speed c in ms/s ÷ frequency f in hz .wave lenght in m = 300 000 000 ÷ frequency between 108 000 000 and 117 975 000 hz .result will be around 3 metres .between 108 mhz and 112 mhz the band is shared with ils so vor frequencies are only allocated at even 100 khz spacing.from 112 mhz to 117 975 mhz the band belongs to vor alone and spacing is reduced to 50 khz thus 108 2 mhz and 113 35 mhz would be vor frequencies and 108 1 mhz would not .within the vor ils shared frequency range the allocated frequencies are as follows .vor = even 100 khz numerals.108 00 108 05 108 20 108 25 to 111 80 111 85.ils = odd 100 khz numerals.108 10 108 15 108 30 108 35 t0 111 90 111 95 exemple 382 Metric.

Question 190-25 : Single side band ssb is used ?

In hf two way communication

Refer to figure . learning objective 062 01 01 03 03 state that hf meteorological information for aircraft in flight volmet and hf two way communication use a single sideband when we want to send information via radio waves we have to modulate the carrier wave somehow this is the process of adding information to it there are a few ways to do this in the early days of radio it was done by sending pulse of the carrier wave as morse code pulse modulation these days we can modulate the amplitude of the carrier wave to carry our information or we can modulate the frequency slightly to carry information also amplitude modulation is easier to do and far easier to represent visually the peaks and troughs of our carrier wave are modified to create our information wave over the top of each peak and the same information wave under each trough the wave over the peaks is one side band and the wave under the troughs is the other side band two side bands are created but when we send hf radio signals we remove one side band to reduce the required power of the transmitter and the required bandwidth this means that for our uses hf transmissions are single side band ssb exemple 386 In hf two-way communication.

Question 190-26 : What is meant by keying in a1a modulation ?

Interrupting the carrier wave to break it into dots and dashes

Radio signals have only one carrier wave the carrier wave is used to carry the information .a1a is an abbreviation for the following .a = double side band .1 = a single channel containing quantized or digital information without the use of a modulating sub carrier .a = telegraphy for aural reception .a1a is the part of the emission of an interrupted unmodulated carrier wave which requires the beat frequency oscillator bfo to be on for aural reception keying is adding readable data to a carrier wave this readable data is usually formed in morse code exemple 390 Interrupting the carrier wave to break it into dots and dashes.

Question 190-27 : Which of the following summaries lists only directional antennas ?

Loop antenna parabolic antenna slotted planar array antenna

Refet to figures .a directional antenna or beam antenna is an antenna which radiates or receives greater power in specific directions allowing increased performance and reduced interference from unwanted sources in other words directional antennas send and receive signals in one direction only usually in a tightly focused very narrow beam directional antennas come in a variety of shapes sizes and designs that fluctuate widely according to their intended purpose common designs include slotted planar array antennasloop antennasparabolic or ‘dish’ antennashelical antennas can be directional or omnidirectional note in some authorities the helical antenna is also shown in the correct option as a directional antenna these authorities spain greece exemple 394 Loop antenna, parabolic antenna, slotted planar array antenna.

Question 190-28 : In aviation electronic systems the so called doppler principle may be used in ?

Vor gps and mti and the turbulence mode of awr

Refer to figure .the doppler effect is where waves electromagnetic in all these cases have a slightly higher detected frequency when the transmitter and receiver are coming together but a lower frequency when moving apart see the above annex it occurs for em waves and sound waves it is a measurable difference as we often know the precise frequency that we should be picking up and so small variations from that can tell us if a transmitter or a reflector is moving towards or away from us and at what speed .vors use this principle in doppler vors dvors which are the modern versions of vor beacons the variphase signal of the vor is transmitted by a ring of antennas in a circle and the signal transfers to each consecutive antenna so the transmission point of the signal effectively moves round in a circle this allows an aircraft to receive a frequency modulated signal due to the doppler effect to compare phase difference with the amplitude modulated reference signal and calculate the aircraft's radial .gnss including gps systems use the doppler effect to measure an object's speed as the pseudo random noise prn signals are on an exact frequency and the receiver knows the velocities of each satellite so is able to work out the relative movement of the receiver with very small doppler changes in frequency .mti moving target indication is less common to hear about but this system allows a radar to know which objects are moving towards or away from the station due to the doppler effect of their reflected pulses it can be used to only show moving targets and remove radar clutter .airborne weather radars awrs use the doppler effect to judge the relative movements of moisture particles raindrops hail etc based on the frequency of the reflected returns if this movement is large and erratic the radar system can then show it as an area of turbulence which is useful information for the pilot ..dmes use a system of time measurement to measure distance from a ground station and the 'groundspeed' function uses the rate of change of that distance not the doppler effect .ilss use difference in depth of modulation as a method of working out how far off localiser/glideslope the aircraft is not the doppler effect .awrs have a mapping mode but this does not use any doppler measurements as the ground is supposed to stay still exemple 398 Vor, gps and mti and the turbulence mode of awr.

Question 190-29 : A radio signal may be classified by three symbols in accordance with the itu radio regulation e g a1a which statement is true ?

The first symbol indicates the type of modulation of the main carrier

Itu is known as low speed data typically divided into 3 segments .. . the first segment a letter is the type of modulation . . . the second symbol a number is the type of modulating signal . . . the third segment a letter is the type of information that is being transmitted . ..a1a is an abbreviation for the following .. . a = double sideband amplitude modulation . ..this indicates the bandwidth of the signal .. . 1 = a single channel containing quantized or digital information without the use of a modulating subcarrier . . . a = telegraphy for aural reception exemple 402 The first symbol indicates the type of modulation of the main carrier

Question 190-30 : Vhf very high frequency waves occur in which frequency range ?

30 mhz – 300 mhz

Refer to figure .radio frequency rf is the lowest portion in the electromagnetic spectrum familiar as a medium of analogue and modern digital wireless communication system it spreads in the range between 3 khz and 300 ghz .all known transmission systems works in the rf spectrum range including analogue radio aircraft navigation marine radio amateur radio tv broadcasting mobile networks and satellite systems exemple 406 30 mhz – 300 mhz

Question 190-31 : The skip zone is defined as ?

The area where neither the ground waves nor the sky waves are received

Refer to figure .a skip zone is a region where a radio transmission can not be received radio waves which travel near to the ground groundwave and towards the ionosphere skywaves have a skip zone the skip zone is a region between the farthest point at which the groundwave can be received and the nearest point at which the refracted skywaves can be received .the skip zone is a natural phenomenon that can never be influenced by technical means it can only be reduced by decreasing the frequency of the radio waves reducing the frequency can be done by increasing the ionospheric width exemple 410 The area, where neither the ground waves nor the sky waves are received.

Question 190-32 : Which failure in radio navigation is connected with 'fading' ?

Twilight/night effect

Adf accuracy and errors.icao requirement is an accuracy of ±6° with a signal to noise ratio no less than 3 1 .the adf is subject to a number of potential errors .static.all forms of static can affect accuracy of the adf in snow and freezing rain precipitation static reduces the accuracy and attenuation reduces the range of bearing information .thunderstorms.thunderstorms in the vicinity act as radio beacons and can cause the needle to deviate in their direction .in conditions like this and where heavy static is present vhf aids should be used in preference to adf .night effect.the principal propagation method of ndbs is the ground wave .however it is possible for weak sky waves to be returned at night when the ionosphere is less dense and attenuation is least .returning sky waves take a longer propagation path than ground waves so they are often out of phase .night effect can be detected by listening for fading on the carrier wave bfo on and by the instrument hunting it is most likely at dawn or dusk .station interference.the long ground waves of lf and mf signals mean that occasionally signals from stations on similar frequencies overlap .this will not cause errors in the daytime if the stations are only used within the protected range .at night returning sky waves can cause rogue signals at considerable range producing the same problems as night effect .coastal refraction.speed of a surface wave is affected by the surface over which it travels faster over water than land .this change of speed means the wave is refracted at low altitude as it passes over a coastline .refraction is always towards the coast .an aircraft receiving a refracted wave would give a false indication of the beacon's position .it will place the aircraft nearer to the coast than it actually is this effect is worse the further back from the coast the beacon is sited .quadrantal error.the wave front from the ndb can be distorted by the aircraft's structure as it approaches the aerial .the error is called 'quadrantal error' because the effect is worst for signals arriving from 45° and 135° left and right of the nose the four 'quadrants' .quadrantal error is small and predictable .it can be compensated during the installation of the receiver aerial and any residual errors can be shown on a quadrantal error card kept near the instrument .modern receivers completely remove it .dip.dip occurs when the receiver sense aerial is masked by the loop aerial .dip gives large bearing errors only occurs in a turn and is at its greatest when the ndb is on a relative bearing of 45° and 135° left and right of the nose .mountain effect.at low altitude multipath signals reflected from terrain can cause erroneous readingsi .this effect diminishes with height as hills are further from the line of sight and interfere less with the surface wave exemple 414 Twilight/night effect

Question 190-33 : The frequency of an airborne weather radar is 9 33 ghz what is the corresponding wavelength ?

3 2 cm

Refer to figure .use the simplified standard formulae . in meters = c 300 / f inmhz .first convert 9 33 ghz to mhz as seen in the figure 1 ghz is the same as 1000 mhz .9 33 ghz is equal to 9333 mhz .filling in the formulae results in the following . = 300/ 9333 mhz = 0 032 m = 3 2 cm exemple 418 3.2 cm

Question 190-34 : What is the frequency of a radio wave with a wavelength of 8 25 m ?

36 4 mhz

Wave lenght in m = propagation speed c in ms/s ÷ frequency f in hz .propagation speed c is a costant 300 000 000 m/s or 162 000 nm/s.8 25 = 300 000 000 ÷ x.x = 300 000 000 ÷ 8 25 = 36363636 hz.in our case we must convert 36363636 hz in mhz = ± 36 4 mhz exemple 422 36.4 mhz

Question 190-35 : What is the simplest type of an antenna called ?

Dipole

Refer to figures.dipole antenna .this antenna is the most widely used type of antenna it is the simplest form of an antenna a basic dipole antenna as seen in figure 1 consists of 2 conductors arranged symmetrically with one side of the balanced feedline from the transmitter or receiver attached to each .monopole antenna .this antenna has a more complicated design a monopole antenna as seen in figure 2 consists of a single conductor usually attached to the ground because of the use of only one conductor the monopole antenna has twice the gain of a similar dipole antenna .loop antenna .loop antenna as the name suggests suggest of a loop of wire loop antennas as seen in figure 3 correspond directly with the magnetic field of the radio wave which means they are insensitive to electrical noise .quadrupole antenna .as the name suggests this antenna consists of 4 parts this is the most complex form of antenna and therefore not much used as seen in figure 4 it consists of 4 monopole antennas attached in order exemple 426 Dipole

Question 190-36 : What type of antenna is used in a modern airborne weather radar ?

Slotted planar antenna

Airborne weather radar is a type of radar used to provide an indication to pilots of the intensity of convective weather modern weather radars are mostly doppler radars capable of detecting the motion of rain droplets in addition to intensity of the precipitation .airborne weather radar is typically xband pulse modulated and operating in the 8 12 ghz range with a wavelenght approx 3 cm remember well 3 ghz 300ghz correspond ro a wavelenght of 10cm 1mm .the shape of the radar beam is very important in the design of a radar for purposes of airborne weather radar a narrow beam is the most desirable because it concentrates more energy on the target which means more energy will come back in the echo .flat plate antennas are better than dish antennas and larger antennas are better than smaller antennas for concentrating the beam the pulse repetition frequency prf of a radar will determine its maximum range the prf must be long enough to allow the echo pulses to return from the maximum range target .the longer the required range the lower the prf scanning speed comes into play with the prf since a high scanning speed and low prf would cause targets to be missed at least one pulse should be transmitted per a beam width of scan pulse width will determine the minimum range of the radar and also the resolution size of the target .if a target is close and the echo is reflected back to the radar while the transmitter pulse is still being transmitted then obviously that target will be missed most radars i have worked with had a pulse width of less than 4 microseconds so this isn't a problem also many radars will shorten their pulse width in map mode allowing a higher degree of resolution for ground targets such as shorelines or islands exemple 430 Slotted planar antenna

Question 190-37 : What happens to the amplitude and frequency of the carrier in a1a keying the amplitude ?

And the frequency both remain constant

A1a keying is known as low speed data and the carrier wave is simply switched on and off think of it like morse code as a consequence nothing changes in terms of the frequency or amplitude of the wave exemple 434 And the frequency both remain constant.

Question 190-38 : Which aeronautical radio frequency band uses refraction within ionospheric layers ?

Hf

Refer to figure .long distance communication works on skywave propagation where radio waves are directed at an angle to the sky so they refract back to earth from the ionosphere by this method it is given that frequencies in the high frequency hf band can travel beyond the horizon following the curvature of the earth and can be received at long distances .because of the refraction and reflection properties of the hf band these frequencies are also good for transmission in mountainous terrains which prevent line of sight communications exemple 438 Hf

Question 190-39 : The skip distance of hf transmission will increase with ?

Higher frequency and higher level of the refracting ionospheric layer

Refer to figure ..radio waves can propagate in many different ways the most common is as a 'space wave' this is what most people think of when it comes to radio transmission as this is line of sight meaning that the radio waves travel in straight lines only .another propagation path is via ground waves which 'cling' to the surface and follow the contours of the earth .the third method of propagation is via sky waves which are space waves that interact with the charged particles in the ionosphere when these waves reach the ionosphere the subsequent ionospheric attenuation refracts the waves changing their course until the waves are heading downwards again this is often referred to as 'reflection' by easa so do not be confused it is refraction that occurs it just looks like the reflection from afar and they use the terms almost interchangeably .the 'skip distance' is the distance away from the transmitter where the first sky wave returns to the surface after bouncing off the ionosphere this can create a dead zone of reception for some frequencies which travel as both ground and sky waves as for example the ground waves might stop at 100 nm but the sky waves only begin at 200 nm these numbers are not even close to correct .higher frequencies receive less ionospheric attenuation therefore refracting less and not bending as sharply in the ionosphere this means that higher frequency radio signals do not 'bounce' off the ionosphere at steep angles thus making the skip distance longer see the second annex above .the height of the ionosphere also makes a difference a higher ionosphere means that the signals will travel further before reaching the level where refraction begins and will travel further on the way back down also this means that a higher ionosphere contributes to a longer skip distance exemple 442 Higher frequency and higher level of the refracting ionospheric layer.

Question 190-40 : The advantage of slotted antennas in modern radar technology is to… ?

Greatly reduce lateral lobes consequently concentrating more energy into the main beam

Refer to figures . .learning objective 062 01 02 03 01 name the common different types of directional antennas loop antenna used in old automatic direction finding adf receivers parabolic antenna used in weather radars slotted planar array used in more modern weather radars ..radars such as awrs airborne weather radars have to be able to send pulses of electromagnetic radiation in one direction all at once this is more difficult than it sounds due to the way that these waves are produced .parabolic antenna.the older method of directing this energy was by using a parabolic reflector dish which is a shape that reflects all radiation from the focal point in the middle outwards in the same direction and vice versa any radiation from that direction is reflected onto the focal point in the middle this allows for a transmitter/receiver device to be placed in the focal point facing backwards towards the dish and for its transmissions to go forwards ahead of the aircraft and receive the reflected pulses indicating the presence of weather .one of the biggest problems with the parabolic antenna is the side lobes the formation of this 'main beam' of radiation does cause some unwanted extra radiation called side lobes which send some of the energy in a different direction than intended and can cause some spurious and incorrect responses on the radar screen .slotted planar array / flat plate antenna / phased array.these types of radars use a more efficient modern technique by having a flat plate with numerous waveguide size slots cut into it it can produce a similar beam to the parabolic antenna with much smaller sidelobes the lesser side lobes means that there are less spurious returns and that there is less wasted energy meaning that less energy is needed for the same radar scan .the main beam main lobe of a slotted planar array can also be made thinner than the parabolic antenna beam which would use even less energy allowing for increased range or just lower energy consumption exemple 446 Greatly reduce lateral lobes, consequently concentrating more energy into the main beam.


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