Electrical work measurement unit in the international system of units si is ? [ Regulation weather ]

Question 41-1 : Joule watt ohm ampere

exemple 141 Joule. — Unit of force the unit of force in the mks metre kilogram second system is the force which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second per second . joule unit of energy or work the joule is the work done when the point of application of 1 mks unit of force newton moves a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force . watt unit of power the watt is the power which in one second gives rise to energy of 1 joule . ampere unit of electric current the ampere is that constant current which if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length of negligible circular cross section and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10&8722 7 mks unit of force newton per metre of length . ohm unit of electric resistance the ohm is the electric resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant potential difference of 1 volt applied to these points .produces in the conductor a current of 1 ampere the conductor not being the seat of any electromotive force Joule.

If two constant frequency ac generators are operating independently then the ?

Question 41-2 : Is unimportant must be synchronised must be 120° out of phase must be 240° out of phase

exemple 145 Is unimportant. — Is unimportant.

The logic symbol shown represents assuming positive logic . 880 ?

Question 41-3 : An invert or not gate a nand gate a nor gate an exclusive gate

exemple 149 An invert or not gate. — A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit most logic gates have two inputs and one output at any given moment every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions low 0 or high 1 represented by different voltage levels the logic state of a terminal can and generally does change often as the circuit processes data .there are seven basic logic gates and or xor not nand nor and xnor .a logical inverter sometimes called a not gate to differentiate it from other types of electronic inverter devices has only one input it reverses the logic state . 881 An invert or not gate.

The connection in parallel of two 12 volt/40 amp hours batteries will create a ?

Question 41-4 : 12 volt/ 80 amp hours 24 volt/ 40 amp hours 24 volt/ 80 amp hours 12 volt/ 40 amp hours

exemple 153 12 volt/ 80 amp hours. — Battery packs achieve the desired operating voltage by connecting several cells in series with each cell adding to the total terminal voltage .24 volt / 40 amp hours .parallel connection attains higher capacity for increased current handling as each cell adds to the total current handling .12 volt/ 80 amp hours .in parallel we increase the flow in series we increase tension 12 volt/ 80 amp hours.

The capacity of a battery is the ?

Question 41-5 : Amount of ampere hours that a fully charged battery can supply number of cycles charging and discharging that a battery can withstand without deterioration of its cells no load voltage of the battery multiplied by its rated output current intensity withstood by the battery during charging

exemple 157 Amount of ampere hours that a fully charged battery can supply. — Amount of ampere hours that a fully charged battery can supply.

The frequency of the current provided by an alternator depends on ?

Question 41-6 : Its rotation speed its phase balance its load the strength of the excitation current

exemple 161 Its rotation speed. — Its rotation speed.

Direct current generators are connected ?

Question 41-7 : In parallel to provide maximum power in parallel to provide maximum voltage in series to provide maximum voltage in series to provide maximum power

exemple 165 In parallel to provide maximum power. — Generators run most efficiently when loaded to their rated capacity therefore when load demand increases one or more generators can be connected in parallel to provide more power this is the only way to reach maximum power with dc generators In parallel to provide maximum power.

When carrying out a battery condition check using the aircraft's voltmeter ?

Question 41-8 : A load should be applied to the battery in order to give a better indication of condition no load should be applied to the battery because it would reduce the voltage the battery should be isolated the load condition is unimportant

exemple 169 A load should be applied to the battery in order to give a better indication of condition. — A load should be applied to the battery in order to give a better indication of condition.

When a battery is almost fully discharged there is a tendency for the ?

Question 41-9 : Voltage to decrease under load voltage to increase due to the current available current produced to increase due to the reduced voltage electrolyte to 'boil'

exemple 173 Voltage to decrease under load. — Voltage to decrease under load.

To ensure correct load sharing between ac generators operating in parallel ?

Question 41-10 : Both real and reactive loads must be matched the matching of loads is unimportant only reactive loads need to be matched only real loads need to be matched

exemple 177 Both real and reactive loads must be matched. — Both real and reactive loads must be matched.

The frequency of an ac generator is dependent on the ?

Question 41-11 : Number of pairs of poles and the speed of the moving part number of individual poles only field strength and the speed of the moving part number of individual poles and the field strength

The frequency of the induced ac current depends on the revolution of the rotor since rate of revolution is revolutions per minute rpm and frequency is expressed as cycles per second the frequency of the induced ac current will be the rate of revolution of the rotor divided by 60 .in addition to above if two magnets are used two pole pairs the frequency is doubled tripled for three thus putting all of this in a formula we get .frequency hz = rpm x number of pole pairs / 60

If a current is passed through a conductor which is positioned in a magnetic ?

Question 41-12 : A force will be exerted on the conductor the intensity of the magnetic field will decrease the current will increase there will be no effect unless the conductor is moved

exemple 185 A force will be exerted on the conductor. — When a current is passed through the wire wrapped around a conductor its magnetic field penetrates the conductor and causes the domains to turn aligning parallel to the magnetic field so their tiny magnetic fields add to the wire's field creating a large magnetic field that extends into the space around the magnet . the larger the current passed through the wire coil the more the domains align and the stronger the magnetic field is A force will be exerted on the conductor.

The alternators when connected are usually connected ?

Question 41-13 : In parallel mode in series mode dependant on the type of generator dependant on the type of engine

The capacity of an accumulator is ?

Question 41-14 : The quantity of electricity that the battery can supply during discharge the number of cycles charging and discharging that a battery can withstand without deterioration of its cells the no load voltage of the battery multiplied by its rated output current the intensity withstood by the battery during charging

exemple 193 The quantity of electricity that the battery can supply during discharge. — .a battery's capacity is the quantity of electricity that it can supply during discharge the more electrolyte and electrode material there is in the cell the greater the capacity of the cell .a small cell has less capacity than a larger cell with the same chemistry and they develop the same open circuit voltage .because of the chemical reactions within the cells the capacity of a battery depends on the discharge conditions such as the magnitude of the current which may vary with time the allowable terminal voltage of the battery temperature and other factors the available capacity of a battery depends upon the rate at which it is discharged if a battery is discharged at a relatively high rate the available capacity will be lower than expected The quantity of electricity that the battery can supply during discharge.

The moving part in an ac generator is usually referred to as the ?

Question 41-15 : Rotor slip ring stator oscillator

The purpose of bonding the metallic parts of an aircraft is to ?

Question 41-16 : Provide safe distribution of electrical charges and currents prevent electrolytic corrosion between mating surfaces of similar metals isolate all components electrically and thus make the static potential constant provide a single earth for electrical devices

exemple 201 Provide safe distribution of electrical charges and currents. — .the single earth return uses the aircraft structure as a return path if the component is not electrical it does not need a return path but still requires bonding to equalise potential difference in the event of static build up this is why the answer provide a single earth for electrical devices is false Provide safe distribution of electrical charges and currents.

A constant speed drive aims at ensuring ?

Question 41-17 : That the electric generator produces a constant frequency that the starter motor maintains a constant rpm not withstanding the acceleration of the engine that the csd remains at a constant rpm not withstanding the generator rpm equal ac voltage from all generators

exemple 205 That the electric generator produces a constant frequency. — That the electric generator produces a constant frequency.

When a persistent underexcitation fault is detected on an ac generator ?

Question 41-18 : The exciter control relay the generator breaker and the tie breaker the generator breaker and the tie breaker the generator control relay and the generator breaker the tie breaker

exemple 209 The exciter control relay, the generator breaker and the tie breaker. — A control relay is a 'magnetic switch' which can isolate a circuit so is in effect the same as a 'breaker' an 'exciter breaker' and an 'exciter control relay' are in effect the same thing .an exciter breaker exciter control relay will isolate the power to the voltage regulator .the generator breaker will isolate the generator from the bus bar .the tie breaker will isolate two different bus bars from each other or can connect two generators to the same bus bar .in most cases you will want to keep bus bars connected so that you can use all your services so you will trip the generator breaker to isolate the generator from the bus bar and the exciter breaker so you effectively shut down that generator .if you have 2 generators supplying the same single bus bar then you will trip the tie breaker to isolate generator and the generator and exciter breakers to isolate and shut down the generator The exciter control relay, the generator breaker and the tie breaker.

A test to assess the state of charge of a lead acid battery would involve ?

Question 41-19 : Comparing the 'on load' and 'off load' battery voltages checking the level of the electrolyte checking the discharge current of the battery 'on load' checking the battery voltage 'off load'

exemple 213 Comparing the 'on-load' and 'off-load' battery voltages. — Comparing the 'on-load' and 'off-load' battery voltages.

The advantages of grounding the negative pole of the aircraft structure are . 1 ?

Question 41-20 : 1 2 4 1 2 3 2 3 5 1 3 5

exemple 217 1, 2, 4. — .the fuselage is used as an earth return for electrical components on an aircraft which means that you only need one length of cable the battery will be connected by its negative pole this saves weight and space as you don't need two cables to complete a circuit .statement 3 increase of short circuit risk is not an advantage and statement 5 circuits are not single wired lines is wrong .correct answer '1 2 4' is the most correct one even if we are not totally agree with 1, 2, 4.

When an 'open circuit' occurs in an electrical supply system the ?

Question 41-21 : Loss of continuity will prevent its working components from functioning load as indicated by the ammeter will increase fuse or cb should isolate the circuit due to excess current drawn component will operate normally but will not switch off

exemple 221 Loss of continuity will prevent its working components from functioning. — .short circuit open circuit fault as the most common failure of aircraft electrical power supply system when an 'open circuit' occurs the components connected on the circuit cease to operate Loss of continuity will prevent its working components from functioning.

An ac generator driven by a csd unit ?

Question 41-22 : Requires a voltage controller to maintain constant voltage under load does not need a voltage controller since the csd will ensure constant voltage does not need a voltage controller since an ac generator voltage cannot alter under load requires a voltage controller to maintain constant frequency

exemple 225 Requires a voltage controller to maintain constant voltage under load. — The csd constant speed drive is a hydro mechanical unit fitted between the engine gearbox and the generator its function is to maintain a constant generator speed regardless of engine speed . for a three phase generator to maintain 400hz this would be 8000 rpm although generator speed remains constant the electrical load will vary according to services selected to maintain a steady output voltage the strength of the field excitation is controlled by the voltage regulator Requires a voltage controller to maintain constant voltage under load.

Consider the variable pitch propeller of a turbo prop during deceleration ?

Question 41-23 : When braking the propeller supplies negative thrust and absorbs engine power at zero power the propeller thrust is zero and the engine power absorbed is nil when feathered the propeller produces thrust and absorbs no engine power with propeller windmilling the thrust is zero and the propeller supplies engine power

exemple 229 When braking, the propeller supplies negative thrust and absorbs engine power. — When braking it means when you move the power lever in the reverse or beta range .in the 'reverse' pitch position the engine/propeller turns in the same direction as in the normal forward pitch position but the propeller blade angle is positioned to the other side of flat pitch in reverse pitch air is pushed away from the airplane rather than being drawn over it reverse pitch results in braking action rather than forward thrust of the airplane When braking, the propeller supplies negative thrust and absorbs engine power.

The correct formula to calculate the total displacement of a multi cylinder ?

Question 41-24 : Piston area x piston stroke x number of cylinders piston area x piston stroke cylinder volume x number of cylinders cylinder length x cylinder diameter

exemple 233 Piston area x piston stroke x number of cylinders — Piston area x piston stroke x number of cylinders

When changing power on engines equipped with constant speed propeller engine ?

Question 41-25 : Increasing the rpm before increasing the manifold pressure reducing the rpm before reducing the manifold pressure adjusting fuel flow before the manifold pressure increasing the manifold pressure before increasing the rpm

exemple 237 Increasing the rpm before increasing the manifold pressure. — A small trick .propeller´s control is the bravest .the first to enter increase the rpm before increase the map and the last to leave decrease the map before decrease the rpm Increasing the rpm before increasing the manifold pressure.

The blade angle of a constant speed propeller ?

Question 41-26 : Increases with increasing true air speed only varies with engine rpm decreases with increasing true air speed is independent of the true air speed

When it refers to blade angle it refers to the angle between the chord line and the direction of propeller rotation .the important bit in this question is that it is a constant speed prop you are correct in that the angle of attack does decrease as forward speed increases and so the thrust decreases as well .therefore the rpm would increase the csu would sense the increase in rpm and would then increase the blade angle to reduce the rpm down to the correct speed and restore the lost thrust

A propeller blade is twisted so as to ?

Question 41-27 : Keep the local angle of attack constant along the blade avoid the appearance of sonic phenomena decrease the blade tangential velocity from the blade root to the tip allow a higher mechanical stress

exemple 245 Keep the local angle of attack constant along the blade. — The angle of attack is the angle between the blade chord line and the relative airflow trouble is the relative airflow is different along the blade the blade is rotating so the bit nearest the hub has a small speed at right angles to the way the aircraft is going but the bit near the tip is moving rapidly across the aircraft flight path .to put real numbers on to this a 10 ft blade doing 3000rpm will have a tip speed of about 300mph so if the aircraft is going forward at 300mph the relative airflow is hitting the tip at 45deg off the aircraft centre line .thus if you want the tip to have the same angle of attack as the root you have to twist the blade by 45deg along its length .the speed past the tip will now be more like 440mph in total so if the angle of attack and the chord length were the same you would get a lot more lift thrust out toward the tip .but the only reason why you might not want the extra thrust is because it might bend the blade and if that worries you you can taper the blade reducing the chord length .blade design is always a compromise but if you want best efficiency least fuel consumption in the cruise you will twist the blade so all sections reach their most efficient angle of attack at the same time Keep the local angle of attack constant along the blade.

A pilot can actuate the feathering system by ?

Question 41-28 : Pulling the propeller control lever rearwards pushing the propeller control lever forwards pulling the power levers rearwards pushing the power lever forwards

Img884.by pulling the propeller control lever fully rearwards you will feather the propeller to minimize drag in the event of an engine failure for example in normal flight you will pull or push the propeller control lever to adjust the blade pitch for the different phases of the flight climb cruise and descent . 885

When increasing true airspeed with a constant engine rpm the angle of attack of ?

Question 41-29 : Reduces increases stays constant stays constant because it only varies with engine rpm

exemple 253 Reduces. — With fixed propellers the throttle controls rpm .variations in forward speed affect the angle of attack which varies in line with the amount of airflow into the propeller disc if you increase speed the angle of attack reduces and if you slow down it increases affecting the lift/drag ratio meaning that a fixed pitch propeller gets less efficient as you move away from its optimum speed which is usually set for cruise Reduces.

A pressure relief valve in an oil system that does not seat correctly could ?

Question 41-30 : Low oil pressure high oil pressure low oil temperature excessive oil consumption

exemple 257 Low oil pressure. — To prevent too high a pressure a pressure release valve prv is fitted it comprises a stainless steel ball bearing and a spring .the ball is forced by the spring against an oil port when the oil pressure is sufficiently high the ball if forced off its seat and oil is allowed to bypass this restriction thus making sure that the pressure never gets too high .if the pressure relief valve is not hermetic there will be a leak and the pressure decreases Low oil pressure.

In case of engine failure during flight the blades of a constant speed ?

Question 41-31 : Move in the lowest pitch position by the centrifugal force and/or the spring force move in low pitch position by oil pressure created by the windmilling propeller move in a certain pitch position depending on windmilling rpm move in the highest pitch position by the aerodynamic force

exemple 261 Move in the lowest pitch position by the centrifugal force and/or the spring force. — In the event of a problem causing the engine to stop the propeller goes to minimum pitch in order to reduce drag and permits the pilot to try to restart the engine if possible with less drag you will have less propeller torque allowing a windmilling start a constant speed propeller system will make use of the centrifugal force oil or gas pressure or a spring to reduce the pitch Move in the lowest pitch position by the centrifugal force and/or the spring force.

For take off the correct combination of propeller pitch 1 and propeller lever ?

Question 41-32 : 1 low 2 forward 1 high 2 forward 1 low 2 aft 1 high 2 aft

exemple 265 (1) low (2) forward. — Pushing the propeller control lever fully forward selects max rpm in order to achieve this the propeller goes to a fine pitch this is also called low pitch high pitch would be a coarse pitch position . 884 (1) low (2) forward.

For piston engines mixture ratio is the ratio between the ?

Question 41-33 : Mass of fuel and mass of air entering the cylinder volume of fuel and volume of air entering the cylinder volume of fuel and volume of air entering the carburettor mass of fuel and volume of air entering the carburettor

exemple 269 Mass of fuel and mass of air entering the cylinder. — Mass of fuel and mass of air entering the cylinder.

Variations in mixture ratios for carburettors are achieved by the adjustment of ?

Question 41-34 : Fuel flow air flow fuel flow air flow and temperature fuel flow and air flow

As altitude increases the mixture ratio of a piston engine should be adjusted to ?

Question 41-35 : Reduce the fuel flow in order to compensate for the decreasing air density reduce the fuel flow in order to compensate for the increasing air density increase the mixture ratio increase the fuel flow in order to compensate for the decreasing air pressure and density

exemple 277 Reduce the fuel flow in order to compensate for the decreasing air density. — Reduce the fuel flow in order to compensate for the decreasing air density.

When applying carburettor heating ?

Question 41-36 : The mixture becomes richer the mixture becomes leaner a decrease in rpm results from the lean mixture no change occurs in the mixture ratio

exemple 281 The mixture becomes richer. — When you apply carburettor heating the air which will mix with fuel in the carburettor passes around the muffler or exhaust pipe in order to be heated and to avoid the risks of icing the air's density decreases as the air is heated what generates a mixture mixture richer The mixture becomes richer.

When the pilot moves the mixture lever of a piston engine towards a lean ?

Question 41-37 : Amount of fuel entering the combustion chamber is reduced volume of air entering the carburettor is reduced amount of fuel entering the combustion chamber is increased volume of air entering the carburettor is increased

exemple 285 Amount of fuel entering the combustion chamber is reduced. — Amount of fuel entering the combustion chamber is reduced.

When altitude increases without adjustment of the mixture ratio the piston ?

Question 41-38 : A decrease of air density with a fuel flow which becomes too high an increase of air density with a fuel flow which becomes too high an increase of air density with a fuel flow which becomes too low a decrease of air density with a fuel flow which becomes too low

exemple 289 A decrease of air density with a fuel flow which becomes too high. — A decrease of air density with a fuel flow which becomes too high.

A rich mixture setting has to be used during climb segments this results in a ?

Question 41-39 : Lower cylinder head temperature higher efficiency increase of power higher torque

exemple 293 Lower cylinder head temperature. — To obtain the best torque during climb you will have to decrease fuel entering in the carburettor in order to compensate the decreasing of the air density .a rich mixture will not permit to deliver the best available power but it permits a lower cylinder head temperature Lower cylinder head temperature.

Maximum exhaust gas temperature egt of a piston engine is theoretically ?

Question 41-40 : Fuel to air ratio of 1 15 cruising mixture setting full rich setting mixture ratio very close to idle cut out

exemple 297 Fuel to air ratio of 1:15. — Egt is relative to the temperature of the charge as it burns within the cylinder cht measures the temperature of the engine cylinder .the highest egt is achieved at a ratio of 15 parts of air to one part of fuel .if the ratio is reduced ie rich the charge temperature reduces due to excess fuel being left in the cylinder if the ratio is greater than 15 1 ie lean or weak the charge is cooled by excess air to appreciate why cht increases with lean mixtures we must consider the speed at which the fuel burns ie its flame rate lean mixtures burn slower than rich mixtures this means more heat is transferred to the engine components with lean mixtures .example if you move a lighted match quickly under you hand no problem but move it slowly and you will burn your hand slow burning lean mixtures will increase cht Fuel to air ratio of 1:15.

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