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Question 10-1 : An aircraft registered in france is executing a flight from paris france to santiago chile when should the aircraft follow the european rules of the air sera ? [ Explanation maintenance ]

All the time except when the sera regulations conflict with those from the state overflying

An aircraft registered in france flying from paris france to santiago chile should follow european rules of the air sera at all times during the flight except when the sera regulations conflict with those from the state overflying the rules of the air of the state overflown have priority if they are different .. if an aircraft is registered in a european state it should follow the european rules of the air sera at all times unless they differ with the national rules of the states being overflown . if an aircraft is not registered in a european state it should follow the european rules of the air sera when flying above european airspace ..chapter 2 applicability of the rules of the air . .2 1 territorial application of the rules of the air.2 1 1 the rules of the air shall apply to aircraft bearing the nationality and registration marks of a contracting state wherever they may be to the extent that they do not conflict with the rules published by the state having jurisdiction over the territory overflown exemple 110 All the time, except when the sera regulations conflict with those from the state overflying.

Question 10-2 : A circling approach is ?

A visual flight manoeuvre keeping the runway in sight

Doc 8168 chapter 7 visual manoeuvring circling area .7 1 purpose. .7 2 visual flight manoeuvre.7 2 1 a circling approach is a visual flight manoeuvre each circling situation is different because of variables such as runway layout final approach track wind velocity and meteorological conditions .therefore there can be no single procedure designed that will cater for conducting a circling approach in every situation .7 2 2 after initial visual contact the basic assumption is that the runway environment should be kept in sight while at minimum descent altitude/height mda/h for circling the runway environment includes features such as the runway threshold or approach lighting aids or other markings identifiable with the runway exemple 114 A visual flight manoeuvre keeping the runway in sight.

Question 10-3 : Abbreviations what does the abbreviation ois mean doc 8168 ?

Obstacle identification surface

Ois obstacle identification surface exemple 118 Obstacle identification surface.

Question 10-4 : At fl 110 the maximum speed at which an aircraft can enter a holding pattern is ?

230 kt ias

Doc 8168 aircraft operations .icao maximum holding speeds .up to 14000 ft 230 kt.14000 ft to 20000 ft 240 kt.20000 ft to 34000 ft 265 kt.above 34000 ft m 0 83 exemple 122 230 kt ias.

Question 10-5 : A descent or a climb conducted in a holding pattern is called ?

A shuttle

Icao doc 8168 . 3 3 8 shuttle .a shuttle is normally prescribed where the descent required between the end of initial approach and the beginning of final approach exceeds the values shown in table i 4 3 1 .note a shuttle is descent or climb conducted in a holding pattern

Question 10-6 : An approaching aircraft may descent below the msa if ?

All mentioned answers are correct

When in imc you should not descend below msa minimum sector altitude as on the chart until established in the approach or hold procedure as the safe altitude is based on correct entry procedure it will cover a certain aera of ground .you may descend on radar vectors in accordance with a published approach procedure or if you have the field and the underlying terrain in sight and you will keep it in sight exemple 130 All mentioned answers are correct.

Question 10-7 : Approach procedures arrival and approach segments intermediate approach segment .what is the minimum obstacle clearance requirement at the end of the primary area of the intermediate approach segment in an instrument approach procedure ?

300m 984 ft reducing to 150 m 492 ft

Doc 8168 chapter 4 .intermediate approach segment.this is the segment during which the aircraft speed and configuration should be adjusted to prepare the aircraft for final approach for this reason the descent gradient is kept as shallow as possible .during the intermediate approach the obstacle clearance requirement reduces from 300 m 984 ft to 150 m 492 ft in the primary area reducing laterally to zero at the outer edge of the secondary area . 714 exemple 134 300m (984 ft) reducing to 150 m (492 ft).

Question 10-8 : Approach procedures circling .it is permissible to eliminate from consideration a particular sector where a prominent obstacle exists in the visual manoeuvring circling area outside the final approach and missed approach area when this option is exercised the published procedure ?

Prohibits circling within the total sector in which the obstacle exists

A visual maneuvering circling area is the area in which the obstacle clearance should be taken into consideration for aircraft carrying out a circling approach icao it is the visual phase of flight after completing an instrument approach to bring an aircraft into position for landing on a runway not suitably located for a straight in approach the visual maneuvering area for a circling approach is determined by drawing arcs centered on each runway threshold and joining those arcs with tangent lines the radius of the arcs is related to the aircraft category the speed for each category the wind speed 25 knots 46 km/h is taken throughout the turn and the bank angle 20° average or 3°/s whichever requires less bank it is permissible to eliminate from consideration a particular sector where a prominent obstacle exists in the visual maneuvering circling area outside the final approach and missed approach area when this option is exercised the published procedure prohibits circling within the total sector in which the obstacle exists exemple 138 Prohibits circling within the total sector in which the obstacle exists.

Question 10-9 : Approach procedures .the term used to describe the visual phase of flight after completing an instrument approach to bring an aircraft into position for landing on a runway which is not suitably located for straight in approach is ?

Visual manoeuvring circling

Doc 8168 chapter 7 visual manoeuvring circling area .7 1 purpose.7 1 1 visual manoeuvring circling is the term used to describe the phase of flight after an instrument approach has been completed it brings the aircraft into position for landing on a runway which is not suitably located for straight in approach i e one where the criteria for alignment or descent gradient cannot be met exemple 142 Visual manoeuvring (circling).

Question 10-10 : Approach procedures final approach segment .in a precision approach ils generally glide path interception occurs at heights above runway elevation from ?

Half a scale deflection after being established on the track

Doc 8168 chapter 5 .final approach segment .this is the segment in which alignment and descent for landing are made final approach may be made to a runway for a straight in landing or to an aerodrome for a visual manoeuvre .5 5 5 protection of the precision segment.5 5 5 1 the width of the ils/mls/gbas final approach protection area is much narrower than those of non precision approaches descent on the glide path/mls elevation angle must never be initiated until the aircraft is within the tracking tolerance of the localizer/azimuth .5 5 5 2 the protection area assumes that the pilot does not normally deviate from the centre line more than halfscale deflection after being established on track thereafter the aircraft should adhere to the on course on glide path/elevation angle position since a more than half course sector deflection or a more than half course fly up deflection combined with other allowable system tolerances could place the aircraft in the vicinity of the edge or bottom of the protected airspace where loss of protection from obstacles can occur exemple 146 Half a scale deflection after being established on the track.

Question 10-11 : Approach procedures final approach segment .in a precision approach ils the final approach segment begins at the ?

Fap

Final approach that part of an instrument approach procedure which commences at the specified final approach fix or point or where such a fix or point is not specified .a at the end of the last procedure turn base turn or inbound turn of a racetrack procedure if specified or.b at the point of interception of the last track specified in the approach procedure and.ends at a point in the vicinity of an aerodrome from which .1 a landing can be made or.2 a missed approach procedure is initiated . 715. doc 8168 for a precision approach ils mls etc the final approach segment begins at the final approach point fap this is a point in space on the final approach track where the intermediate approach altitude/height intercepts the nominal glide path/microwave landing system mls elevation angle .final approach fix faf refers to a non precision approach exemple 150 Fap.

Question 10-12 : Approach procedures instrument approach area .the primary area of an instrument approach segment is ?

A defined area symmetrically disposed about the nominal flight track in which the minimum obstacle clearance is provided

Doc 8168 volume 1 .chapter 1 definitions . primary area a defined area symmetrically disposed about the nominal flight track in which full obstacle clearance is provided . secondary area a defined area on each side of the primary area located along the nominal flight track in which decreasing obstacle clearance is provided .1 3 areas.1 3 1 where track guidance is provided in the design of a procedure each segment comprises a specified volume of airspace the vertical cross section of which is an area located symmetrically about the centre line of each segment .the vertical cross section of each segment is divided into primary and secondary areas full obstacle clearances are applied over the primary areas reducing to zero at the outer edges of the secondary areas see figure i 2 1 2 .1 3 2 on straight segments the width of the primary area at any given point is equal to one half of the total width .the width of each secondary area is equal to one quarter of the total width .1 3 3 where no track guidance is provided during a turn specified by the procedure the total width of the area is considered primary area .1 3 4 the minimum obstacle clearance moc is provided for the whole width of the primary area in the secondary area moc is provided at the inner edges reducing to zero at the outer edges see figure i 2 1 2 . 716 exemple 154 A defined area symmetrically disposed about the nominal flight track in which the minimum obstacle clearance is provided.

Question 10-13 : Approach procedures mdh / och .for a non precision or circling approach the minimum descent height mdh cannot be lower than ?

The obstacle clearance height och

Icao doc 8168 .mdh minimum descent height.och obstacle clearance height exemple 158 The obstacle clearance height (och).

Question 10-14 : Approach procedures minimum sector altitudes / msa .minimum sector altitudes are established for each aerodrome the msa provides an obstacle clearance of at least 300 m 1000 ft within a circle associated with the homing facility for the approach procedure of that aerodrome how many nm is the ?

25 nm

Iaco doc 8168 .minimum sector altitude the lowest altitude which may be used which will provide a minimum clearance of 300 m 1000 ft above all objects located in an area contained within a sector of a circle of 46 km 25 nm radius centred on a radio aid to navigation .msa on a final approach plate . 717.msa is centered on dus vor exemple 162 25 nm.

Question 10-15 : Approach procedures missed approach phases .a complete missed approach procedure consists of the following phases ?

Initial intermediate and final

Img715.after having completed the missed approach procedure you will have to restart the approach at the initial approach fix iaf exemple 166 Initial, intermediate and final.

Question 10-16 : Approach procedures missed approach climb .normally the missed approach procedures are based on a nominal missed approach climb gradient of ?

2 5%

Icao doc 8168 aircraft operations chapter 6 .6 1 7 1 normally procedures are based on a minimum missed approach climb gradient of 2 5% exemple 170 2.5%.

Question 10-17 : Approach procedures non precision straight in .a so called 'straight in approach' is considered to be acceptable for a non precision approach if the angle between the final approach track and the runway centreline is ?

30° or less

Icao doc 8168 .1 2 instrument approach procedure.1 2 3 types of approach.1 2 3 1 there are two types of approach straight in and circling .1 2 3 2 straight in approach.wherever possible a straight in approach will be specified which is aligned with the runway centre line in the case of non precision approaches a straight in approach is considered acceptable if the angle between the final approach track and the runway centre line is 30° or less exemple 174 30° or less.

Question 10-18 : Approach procedures arrival and approach segments .the minimum obstacle clearance in the primary area of the initial approach segment for an instrument approach procedure is at least ?

300m 984 ft

Doc 8168 chapter 3 initial approach segment .3 1 3 minimum obstacle clearance.the initial approach segment provides at least 300 m 984 ft of obstacle clearance in the primary area reducing laterally to zero at the outer edge of the secondary area . 714 exemple 178 300m (984 ft).

Question 10-19 : Approach segments in an instrument approach procedure the segment in which alignment and descent for landing are made is called ?

Final approach segment

The final approach segment is the segment in which alignment and descent for landing are made the final approach may be made to a runway for a landing or to an aerodrome for a visual manoeuvre for a straight in approach angle formed by the final approach track and the runway centre line must not exceed 30° for procedure restricted to cat a and b aircraft only and 15° for other aircraft categories . 714

Question 10-20 : Arrival and approach segments general .what are the names of all separate segments that can be part of an instrument approach procedure ?

Arrival initial intermediate final missed approach

Img715 exemple 186 Arrival, initial, intermediate, final, missed approach.

Question 10-21 : Altimeter setting procedures .the transition from altitude to flight level and vice versa is performed ?

At the transition altitude during climb and at the transition level during descent

When passing through the transition layer you must report your vertical position as an altitude your altimeter setting is now local qnh .example .in descent if transition layer is at 5000 ft 'speedbird 123 descending from flight level 100 to altitude 4000 ft qnh' .in climb you must report your vertical position as a flight level while crossing the transition altitude your altimeter setting is now 1013 hpa

Question 10-22 : Circling approach .one of the conditions to descent below the mda on a circling approach is ?

The required visual references have been established and can be maintained

You must have visual contact with the airport before attempting a circle to land maneuver and you must maintain visual contact with the airport at all times while circling to land . 719.circling approach exemple 194 The required visual references have been established and can be maintained.

Question 10-23 : Definitions icao doc 8168 .what is a turn executed by the aircraft during the initial approach between the end of the outbound track and the beginning of the intermediate or final approach track the tracks are not reciprocal ?

Base turn

Doc 8168 . 720.base turn consisting of .1 a specified outbound track and timing or dme distance from a facility followed by .2 a turn to intercept the inbound track .the outbound track and/or the timing may be different for the various categories of aircraft where this is done separate procedures are published exemple 198 Base turn.

Question 10-24 : Definitions .what is a manoeuvre in which a turn is made away from a designated track followed by a turn in the opposite direction to permit the aircraft to intercept and proceed along the reciprocal of the designated track is called a ?

Procedure turn

Img721 exemple 202 Procedure turn.

Question 10-25 : Departure procedure design .the main factor/s that dictate/s in general the design of an instrument departure procedure is/are ?

The terrain surrounding the aerodrome

exemple 206 The terrain surrounding the aerodrome.

Question 10-26 : Dependent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that the missed approach track for one approach diverges by ?

At least 30° from the missed approach track of the adjacent approach

Pans atm doc4444 .6 7 3 6 requirements and procedures for segregated parallel operations.6 7 3 6 1 segregated parallel operations may be conducted on parallel runways provided .a the runway centre lines are spaced by the distance specified in annex 14 volume i and.b the nominal departure track diverges immediately after take off by at least 30 degrees from the missed approach track of the adjacent approach see figure below . 722 exemple 210 At least 30° from the missed approach track of the adjacent approach.

Question 10-27 : Final approach segment.during a precision approach ils glide path interception occurs normally at heights above runway elevation between ?

300 m 1000 ft to 900 m 3000 ft

Typically glide path / mls elevation angle interception occurs at heights from 300 m 1000 ft to 900 m 3000 ft above runway elevation in that case on a 3° glide path / mls elevation angle interception occurs between 6 km 3 nm and 19 km 10 nm from the threshold . doc 8168 .5 4 2 final approach length.5 4 2 1 the intermediate approach altitude/height generally intercepts the glide path/mls elevation angle at heights from 300 m 1 000 ft to 900 m 3 000 ft above runway elevation in this case for a 3° glide path interception occurs between 6 km 3 nm and 19 km 10 nm from the threshold exemple 214 300 m (1000 ft) to 900 m (3000 ft).

Question 10-28 : Holding procedures buffer area .how far beyond the boundary of the holding area extends the buffer area ?

5 nm

Doc 8168 .holding area the holding area includes the basic holding area and the entry area the basic holding area is the airspace required for a holding pattern at a specific level based on the allowances for aircraft speed wind effect timing errors holding fix characteristics etc the entry area is the airspace required for the entry procedure . 723.buffer area an additional buffer area extends 9 3 km 5 0 nm beyond the boundary of the holding area significant obstacles in the buffer area are taken into consideration when determining the minimum holding level exemple 218 5 nm.

Question 10-29 : Holding procedures entry .related to the three entry sectors in a holding pattern there is a zone of flexibility on either side of the sectors boundaries of ?

5°

Doc8168 pans atm .chapter 1 holding criteria.1 4 entry.1 4 1 the entry into the holding pattern shall be according to heading in relation to the three entry sectors see figure below recognizing a zone of flexibility of 5° on either side of the sector boundaries . 724.sector 1 parallel entry .sector 2 offset entry .sector 3 direct entry . 725.example zone of flexibility on either side of the boundaries of a parallel entry sector exemple 222 5°.

Question 10-30 : Holding procedures offset entry .above 14000 ft in still air the outbound time on a 30° offset track is limited to ?

1 minute 30 seconds

Icao doc8168 .1 4 9 time/distance outbound.the still air time for flying the outbound entry heading should not exceed .a one minute if at or below 4 250 m 14 000 ft or.b one and one half minutes if above 4 250 m 14 000 ft . 727.where dme is available the length of the outbound leg may be specified in terms of distance instead of time exemple 226 1 minute 30 seconds.

Question 10-31 : Holding procedures entry .you have received instructions to hold over a radio fix the published procedure is all turns to the right 1 minute outbound inbound magnetic track 052° you are approaching the fix on magnetic track 232° select the appropriate entry procedure ?

Either offset or parallel

The inbound leg is the one that bring you back over the holding fix here inbound leg is 052° and outbound leg is 232° .the aircraft is approaching the holding fix on a magnetic track 232° as drawn below . 728.you have two options since the aircraft is on two sectors .if you choose the offset entry . 729.if you choose the parallel entry . 730 exemple 230 Either offset or parallel.

Question 10-32 : Holding procedures outbound time the outbound time in a holding pattern at 14000 ft or below in still air conditions is ?

1 minute

Icao doc8168 .1 4 9 time/distance outbound.the still air time for flying the outbound entry heading should not exceed .a one minute if at or below 4 250 m 14 000 ft or.b one and one half minutes if above 4 250 m 14 000 ft .where dme is available the length of the outbound leg may be specified in terms of distance instead of time . 726 exemple 234 1 minute.

Question 10-33 : Holding procedures .if for any reasons a pilot is unable to conform to the procedures for normal conditions laid down for any particular holding pattern he should ?

Advise atc as early as possible

A standard holding pattern uses right hand turns and takes approximately 4 minutes to complete one minute for each 180 degree turn and two one minute straight ahead sections exemple 238 Advise atc as early as possible.

Question 10-34 : Holding procedures.the outbound time in a holding pattern above 14000 ft in still air conditions is ?

1 minute 30 seconds

Icao doc8168 .1 4 9 time/distance outbound.the still air time for flying the outbound entry heading should not exceed .a one minute if at or below 4 250 m 14 000 ft or.b one and one half minutes if above 4 250 m 14 000 ft .where dme is available the length of the outbound leg may be specified in terms of distance instead of time . 726

Question 10-35 : Horizontal separation independent parallel approaches .a minimum radar separation shall be provided until aircraft are established inbound on the ils localizer course and/or mls final approach track this minimum is when independent parallel approaches are being conducted ?

3 0 nm

.doc pans atm 4444.6 7 3 2 4 a minimum of 300 m 1 000 ft vertical separation or subject to radar system and situation display capabilities a minimum of 5 6 km 3 0 nm radar separation shall be provided until aircraft are established .a inbound on the ils localizer course and/or mls final approach track and.b within the normal operating zone noz exemple 246 3.0 nm.

Question 10-36 : Horizontal separation independent parallel approaches .such approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that the missed approach track for one approach diverges from the missed approach track of the adjacent approach by at least ?

30°

.doc pans atm 4444.6 7 3 2 requirements and procedures for independent parallel approaches.6 7 3 2 1 independent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that . .c the missed approach track for one approach diverges by at least 30 degrees from the missed approach track ofthe adjacent approach . exemple 250 30°.

Question 10-37 : Ifr cruising levels within controlled airspace shall be given as flight level fl ?

Above the transition altitude when applicable

exemple 254 Above the transition altitude when applicable.

Question 10-38 : In pans ops the abbreviation der stands for . doc 8168 ?

Departure end of runway

exemple 258 Departure end of runway.

Question 10-39 : Independent parallel approaches requirement for a no transgression zone.independent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that a no transgression zone ntz is established equidistant between the extended runway centre lines .this ntz must be at least ?

610 m wide

No transgression zone ntz in the context of independent parallel approaches a corridor of airspace of defined dimensions located centrally between the two extended runway centre lines where a penetration by an aircraft .requires a controller intervention to manoeuvre any threatened aircraft on the adjacent approach .pans atm doc 4444 .6 7 3 2 requirements and procedures for independent parallel approaches.6 7 3 2 1 independent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that . .g a no transgression zone ntz at least 610 m 2 000 ft wide is established equidistant between extended runway centre lines and is depicted on the situation display . . exemple 262 610 m wide.

Question 10-40 : Independent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that a no transgression zone ntz of at least ?

610 m is established between extended runway centre lines and as is depicted on the radar display

Pans atm doc 4444 .6 7 3 2 requirements and procedures forindependent parallel approaches.6 7 3 2 1 independent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that . .g a no transgression zone ntz at least 610 m 2 000 ft wide is established equidistant between extended runway centre lines and is depicted on the situation display . . exemple 266 610 m is established between extended runway centre lines and as is depicted on the radar display.


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