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Question 115-1 : Why is vne stated as an operating limitation .1 aerodynamic limitation.2 engine performance limitation.3 noise level related limitation.4 structural limitation.5 atc limitation.which of the following groups all the correct answers ? [ Training professional ]

1 and 4

exemple 215 1 and 4.

Question 115-2 : With one engine inoperative a helicopter with performance class 1 when landing at an elevated heliport must be able to clear all obstacles vertically beyond the fato by ?

35 ft

Cat pol h 220 landing . .b in the event of the critical engine failure being recognised at any point at or before the landing decision point ldp it is possible either to land and stop within the fato or to perform a balked landing and clear all obstacles in the flight path by a vertical margin of 10 7 m 35 ft . 692 exemple 219 35 ft.

Question 115-3 : The height/velocity diagram or unsafe area ?

Is independent of the altitude at which the helicopter is operating

exemple 223 Is independent of the altitude at which the helicopter is operating.

Question 115-4 : Maximum endurance for a helicopter depends on ?

True airpseed

Maximum endurance is achieved in unaccelerated level flight with minimum fuel flow .the speed to fly for maximum endurance is the speed at the lowest fuel flow per unit of time exemple 227 True airpseed.

Question 115-5 : A helicopter in performance class 3 must be certified in ?

Category a or b

exemple 231 Category a or b.

Question 115-6 : At night operations in performance class 3 helicopters are ?

Never carried out

exemple 235 Never carried out.

Question 115-7 : For take off with a tail wind component in class 2 performance an operator must take account of at least ?

150% of the reported tail wind component

Cat pol h 105 general . .c when showing compliance with the requirements of this section account shall be taken of the following parameters .1 mass of the helicopter .2 the helicopter configuration .3 the environmental conditions in particular .i pressure altitude and temperature .ii wind . a except as provided in c for take off take off flight path and landing requirements accountability for wind shall be no more than 50% of any reported steady headwind component of 5 kt or more . b where take off and landing with a tailwind component is permitted in the afm and in all cases for the take off flight path not less than 150% of any reported tailwind component shall be taken into account and . c where precise wind measuring equipment enables accurate measurement of wind velocity over the point of take off and landing wind components in excess of 50% may be established by the operator provided that the operator demonstrates to the competent authority that the proximity to the fato and accuracy enhancements of the wind measuring equipment provide an equivalent level of safety .4 the operating techniques and.5 the operation of any systems that have an adverse effect on performance exemple 239 150% of the reported tail wind component.

Question 115-8 : When planning for one engine inoperative in the cruise a helicopter of performance class 2 must be able to maintain a rate of climb of at least ?

50 ft/min at 2000 ft in mountainous areas


Question 115-9 : Define the term 'performance class 2' ?

Performance class 2 operations are those operations such that in the event of critical power unit failure performance is available to enable the helicopter to safely continue the flight except when the failure occurs early during the take off manoeuvre or late in the landing manoeuvre in which cases a forced landing may be required

exemple 247 Performance class 2 operations are those operations such that, in the event of critical power unit failure, performance is available to enable the helicopter to safely continue the flight, except when the failure occurs early during the take-off manoeuvre or late in the landing manoeuvre, in which cases a forced landing may be required.

Question 115-10 : In class 2 performance with one engine failed and the others operating a helicopter's weight at the estimated landing time must allow it to climb at least at ?

150 ft/min at 1000 ft above the destination and the alternate heliports

exemple 251 150 ft/min at 1000 ft above the destination and the alternate heliports.

Question 115-11 : Performance class 2 helicopters shall have a maximum approved seating configuration of ?

19 or less but more than 9

exemple 255 19 or less but more than 9.

Question 115-12 : In class 1 performance with one engine failed and the others operating a helicopter's weight at the estimated landing time must allow it to climb at least at ?

150 ft/min at 1000ft and 100 ft/min at 200 ft above the destination and the alternate heliports

exemple 259 150 ft/min at 1000ft and 100 ft/min at 200 ft, above the destination and the alternate heliports.

Question 115-13 : Define the term 'performance class 1' ?

Performance class 1 operations are those with performance such that in the event of failure of the critical power unit the helicopter is able to land within the rejected take off distance available or safely continue the flight to an appropriate landing area depending on when the failure occurs

exemple 263 Performance class 1 operations are those with performance such that, in the event of failure of the critical power unit, the helicopter is able to land within the rejected take-off distance available or safely continue the flight to an appropriate landing area, depending on when the failure occurs.

Question 115-14 : A helicopter of performance class 1 must achieve on take off a rate of climb of ?

100 ft/min at 200 ft

exemple 267 100 ft/min at 200 ft.

Question 115-15 : As a cause of accidents the human factor ?

Is cited in approximately 70 80 % of aviation accidents

exemple 271 Is cited in approximately 70 - 80 % of aviation accidents.

Question 115-16 : Analysis of accidents involving the human factor in aviation shows that ?

There is hardly ever a single cause responsible

exemple 275 There is hardly ever a single cause responsible.

Question 115-17 : To avoid wrong decisions by the pilot an aircraft system should at least be able to ?

Report its malfunction

When the system malfunctions it should report the unservicability to the pilot the pilot can see what the 'deviation' is and correct for it but he needs to know that it is the result of a system malfunction exemple 279 Report its malfunction.

Question 115-18 : When can a system be said to be tolerant to error when ?

The consequences of an error will not seriously jeopardise safety

exemple 283 The consequences of an error will not seriously jeopardise safety.

Question 115-19 : Why must flight safety considerations consider the human error mechanism .1 it is analysis of an incident or accident which will make it possible to identify what error has been committed and by whom it is the process whereby the perpetrator is made responsible which may lead to elimination of the ?

2 and 3

exemple 287 2 and 3.

Question 115-20 : The trend in aeroplane hull loss rate over the last three decades seems to be related to ?

The crew

Human error is by far the most pervasive contributing factor to accidents and incidents in technologically complex systems such as air transportation .one major data base of jet transport accidents worldwide indicates that 65 per cent of all such accidents have been attributed to flight crew error .it also indicates that for the approach and landing phases of flight which account for 4 per cent of total flight exposure time and 49 per cent of all accidents flight crew error is cited in 80 per cent of cases as a causal factor other sources of human error including maintenance dispatch and importantly air traffic control account for another significant proportion of accidents exemple 291 The crew.

Question 115-21 : One negative aspect of the highly automated cockpit results in ?

Complacency among the crewmembers

exemple 295 Complacency among the crewmembers.

Question 115-22 : Between which components with reference to the shell concept covers pilot misinterpretation of the old three point altimeter ?

Liveware hardware

Admin .the shell model is a conceptual model of human factors that clarifies the scope of aviation human factors and assists in understanding the human factor relationships between aviation system resources/environment the flying subsystem and the human component in the aviation system the human subsystem .the shell model was first developed by edwards 1972 and later modified into a 'building block' structure by hawkins 1984 the model is named after the initial letters of its components software hardware environment liveware and places emphasis on the human being and human interfaces with other components of the aviation system . 1964.s = software procedures symbology etc .h = hardware machine .e = environment.l = liveware human .in the shell model the match or mismatch of the blocke interface is just as important as the characteristics of the blocks themselves a mismatch can be a source of human error .liveware hardware l h . interaction between human operator and machine . involves matching the physical features of the aircraft cockpit or equipment with the general characteristics of human users while considering the task or job to be performed .examples . designing passenger and crew seats to fit the sitting characteristics of the human body. designing cockpit displays and controls to match the sensory information processing and movement characteristics of human users while facilitating action sequencing minimising workload through location/layout and including safeguards for incorrect/inadvertent operation . mismatches at the l h interface may occur through . poorly designed equipment. inappropriate or missing operational material. badly located or coded instruments and control devices. warning systems that fail in alerting informational or guidance functions in abnormal situations etc . the old 3 pointer aircraft altimeter encouraged errors because it was very difficult for pilots to tell what information related to which pointer exemple 299 Liveware - hardware.

Question 115-23 : The errors resulting from an illogical indexing system in an operations manual are related to an interface mismatch between ?

Liveware software

exemple 303 Liveware - software.

Question 115-24 : Organisational factors which affect or may have some influence on human error are .1 malfunction of technical systems.2 fuel saving policies.3 rostering.4 weather phenomena.which of the following lists all the correct answers ?

2 and 3

Admin . malfunction of technical systems and weather are not organisational factors .a complex fuel saving policies can lead to errors and a bad rostering may lead to fatigue which can lead to errors exemple 307 2 and 3.

Question 115-25 : The causes of human error can be abundant and complex which of the following factors could contribute to human error .1 personality .2 motivation and attitudes .3 emotional state .4 external environmental factors .which of the following lists all of the correct factors ?

1 2 3 and 4

exemple 311 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Question 115-26 : The errors of a motor programme are ?

Action slip and environmental capture habituation

.motor programmes .if a task is performed often enough it may eventually become automatic and the required skills and actions are stored in long term memory these are known as motor programmes and are ingrained routines that have been established through practice .the use of a motor programme reduces the load on the central decision maker an often quoted example is that of driving a car at first each individual action such as gear changing is demanding but eventually the separate actions are combined into a motor programme and can be performed with little or no awareness these motor programmes allow us to carry out simultaneous activities such as having a conversation whilst driving . action slips as the name implies are the same as slips i e an action not carried out as intended .the example given below may consist of a pilot intending to key in fl110 into the fms but keying in fl100 by mistake after having been distracted by a query from his co pilot . /com en/com040 592 jpg. environmental capture may occur when a pilot carries out a certain task very frequently in a certain location thus a pilot used to reaching for a certain switch to select function a on an airbus a320 may inadvertently select the same switch on an airbus 321 when in fact it has a different function exemple 315 Action slip and environmental capture (habituation).

Question 115-27 : With reference to the shell model s represents ?

Software which includes check lists

exemple 319 Software (which includes check lists).

Question 115-28 : Who in the aviation industry is responsible for flight safety ?

Everyone involved

exemple 323 Everyone involved.

Question 115-29 : Ergonomics are associated with ?

The human/workplace interface

exemple 327 The human/workplace interface.

Question 115-30 : Which of the following human error rates can be described and pretty good realistic and pretty good after methodical training ?

1 in 1000 times

.after a methodical training human error rates can be less than 1 in 1000 without training and methodology the error rate can be as high as 1 in 100 exemple 331 1 in 1000 times.

Question 115-31 : Which of the following concepts relating to human reliability is true ?

If equipment is designed in such a way that it can be operated wrongly then sooner or later it will be

exemple 335 If equipment is designed in such a way that it can be operated wrongly, then sooner or later, it will be.

Question 115-32 : What is the current approach to human error ?

Realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be designed to minimise human error

.human factors as a term has to be clearly defined because when these words are used in the vernacular they are often applied to any factor related to humans the human element is the most flexible adaptable and valuable part of the aviation system but it is also the most vulnerable to influences which can adversely affect its performance .throughout the years some three out of four accidents have resulted from less than optimum human performance this has commonly been classified as human error .the term 'human error' is of no help in accident prevention because although it may indicate where in the system a breakdown occurs it provides no guidance as to why it occurs an error attributed to humans in the system may have been design induced or stimulated by inadequate training badly designed procedures or the poor concept or layout of checklists or manuals further the term 'human error' allows concealment of the underlying factors which must be brought to the fore if accidents are to be prevented in fact contemporary safety thinking argues that human error should be the starting point rather than the stop rule in accident investigation and prevention .to contain and control human error one must first understand its nature there are basic concepts associated with the nature of human error the origins of errors can be fundamentally different and the consequences of similar errors can also be significantly different while some errors are due to carelessness negligence or poor judgement others may be induced by poorly designed equipment or may result from a normal reaction of a person to a particular situation the latter kind of error is likely to be repeated and its occurrence can be anticipated exemple 339 Realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be designed to minimise human error.

Question 115-33 : Human error rates during the performance of a simple and repetitive task can normally be expected to be approximately ?

1 in 100

exemple 343 1 in 100.

Question 115-34 : If one error is allowed to effect a whole system the system is described as ?

Vulnerable

.the entire system can collapse due to this error exemple 347 Vulnerable.

Question 115-35 : In 1972 a psychologist named edwards presented a concept of the interface between flight crew and other parts of the airspace environment .what is this concept called and the names of those elements involved ?

The shell concept software hardware environment and liveware

exemple 351 The shell concept. software, hardware, environment, and liveware.

Question 115-36 : What are the main advantages of the human over the machine ?

Creativity innovation and aptitude to deal with novel situations

exemple 355 Creativity, innovation, and aptitude to deal with novel situations.

Question 115-37 : What role should automation play with respect to flight safety ?

Automation should be used as an aid to the pilot and not as an end in itself

exemple 359 Automation should be used as an aid to the pilot and not as an end in itself.

Question 115-38 : The most significant item of technical equipment introduced in the 1980s and 1990s which has contributed to a reduction in accidents is ?

Gpws

exemple 363 Gpws.

Question 115-39 : Which of the following list are factors necessary for the promotion of good quality training .1 quality of instruction.2 motivation.3 knowledge of results feedback .4 a large amount of reference material.5 no time restrictions ?

1 2 3

exemple 367 1, 2, 3.

Question 115-40 : In an organisation where good safety culture is predominant the accountability rests largely with ?

Management

Ecqb03 august 2016 exemple 371 Management.


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