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Question 120-1 : The rate and depth of breathing is primarily regulated by the concentration of ? [ Preparation civilian ]

Carbon dioxide in the blood

exemple 220 Carbon dioxide in the blood.

Question 120-2 : A pressurized cabin helps to prevent .1 decompression sickness .2 the problem of expansion of gases in the intestines .3 hypoxia .4 coronary desease ?

1 2 and 3 are correct

exemple 224 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

Question 120-3 : Healthy people are usually capable of compensating for a lack of oxygen up to ?

10 000 12 000 feet

exemple 228 10 000 - 12 000 feet.

Question 120-4 : When flying above 10000 feet hypoxia arises because ?

The partial oxygen pressure is lower than at sea level

.we are about 75% water therefore the air in our lungs is always fully saturated with water vapour this means the air in our lungs is different to the air outside because it contains a much higher proportion of water vapour this water vapour exerts a partial pressure too and this competes with the other gases in our lungs the partial pressure exerted by water vapour in our lungs is 47 mmhg it is always 47 mmhg at any altitude whatever you are breathing in because it is always fully saturated with water vapour .. .the partial pressure of oxygen in our lungs at sea level is 103 mmhg 150 mmhg from the atmosphere but take away the constant 47 mmhg from the water vapour and this leaves 103 mmhg so in our lungs .. . sea level partial pressure of oxygen is about 103 mmhg . at 10000 ft this pressure drops to 55 mmhg but this is enough for normal fit people to get by on . above 10000 ft the oxygen concentration breathed in has to be increased to maintain the oxygen partial pressure at 103 mmhg ie more oxygen is added to the air mix in the mask . at 33700 ft breathing 100% oxygen still provides a partial pressure of 103 mmhg just like being at sea level as far as our bodies are concerned . between 33700 ft and 40000 ft the partial pressure of oxygen in your lungs decreases to 55 mmhg so although you are now breathing 100% oxygen through a mask the pressure this oxygen exerts in your lungs is only 55 mmhg a normal fit person is still ok as he is at the equivalent altitude of about 10000 ft but people with heart or lungs problems may start to feel the strain and many do . above 40000 ft even the 100% oxygen in your mask cannot provide enough pressure to push the molecules into the blood stream you need positive pressure added to your 100% oxygen to force it across the lung wall .. .we are ok up to 10000 ft because haemoglobin has cleverly adapted its behaviour with respect to the absorption and release of oxygen it is still able to gobble up oxygen from the lungs and almost fully saturate the blood even at the lower partial pressures experienced at 10000 ft this allows humans to live at these altitudes above 10000 ft though the haemoglobin struggles to absorb sufficient oxygen humans living above these altitudes peru etc have other adaptations but note there are almost no humans who live above about 12000 ft exemple 232 The partial oxygen pressure is lower than at sea level.

Question 120-5 : Saturation of oxygen in the blood at sea level is approximately 98% this saturation decreases with .1 decreasing air pressure.2 carbon monoxide poisoning.3 increasing altitude.4 increasing air pressure ?

1 2 and 3 are correct 4 is false

exemple 236 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false.

Question 120-6 : The severity of hypoxia depends on the .1 rate of decompression.2 physical fitness.3 flight level.4 individual tolerance ?

1 2 3 and 4 are correct

exemple 240 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

Question 120-7 : Which of the following statements concerning hypoxia is correct ?

It is a potential threat to safety

exemple 244 It is a potential threat to safety.

Question 120-8 : Early symptoms of hypoxia could be .1 euphoria.2 decreased rate and depth of breathing.3 lack of concentration.4 visual disturbances ?

1 3 and 4 are correct

.the symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria exemple 248 1, 3 and 4 are correct.

Question 120-9 : One of the most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia concerning flight safety is ?

Impaired judgement

exemple 252 Impaired judgement.

Question 120-10 : Which of the following symptoms can indicate hypoxia .1 blue lips and finger nails .2 euphoria .3 flatulence .4 unconsciousness ?

1 2 and 4 are correct

exemple 256 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

Question 120-11 : You are crossing the alps in a non pressurised aircraft at an altitude of 15 000 feet you do not use the oxygen mask because you feel fine this is unsafe because ?

Your judgement could be impaired

exemple 260 Your judgement could be impaired.

Question 120-12 : During a night flight at 10 000 feet you notice that your visual acuity has decreased in this case you can increase your acuity by ?

Breathing extra oxygen through the oxygen mask

exemple 264 Breathing extra oxygen through the oxygen mask.

Question 120-13 : During flight all crew members have one or more of the following symptoms .1 blue lips.2 mental disturbances.3 tingling sensations in arms and/or legs.4 reduction of peripheral vision.which is the possible cause ?

Hypoxia

exemple 268 Hypoxia.

Question 120-14 : Which measure s will help to compensate for hypoxia .1 descend below 10 000 ft .2 breathe 100% oxygen .3 climb to or above 10 000 ft .4 reduce physical activities ?

1 2 and 4 are correct

exemple 272 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

Question 120-15 : Oxygen combined with haemoglobin in blood is transported by ?

Red blood cells

exemple 276 Red blood cells.

Question 120-16 : Haemoglobin is ?

In the red blood cells

exemple 280 In the red blood cells.

Question 120-17 : The following course of action should be taken if gastrointestinal complaints in flight crew occur before to take off .1 take the standard medicines and advise the doctor on returning from the flight.2 assess your own ability to fly if necessary with the help of a doctor.3 if in doubt about fitness ?

2 3

exemple 284 2, 3.

Question 120-18 : Which of the following systems are involved in motion sickness .1 hearing.2 the vestibular system.3 vision .4 the proprioceptive senses 'seat of the pants sense'.5 the gastrointestinal system ?

2 3 4 5

. motion sickness is an inexpedient seemingly meaningless reaction to a balance system stimulation the currently most widely accepted theory of the aetiology of motion sickness has been suggested by reason semantically it is contradictory that motion sickness under certain circumstances can be caused by the absence of motion if a person has been adapted to a motion environment like a ship and returns to a normal non moving environment he may become sick. mal de débarquement an experienced pilot flying a simulator easily feels sick due to the lack of.the customary vestibular stimuli in the simulator and may feel embarrassed when he realises that.a much less experienced pilot not habituated to the intimate correlation between certain visual and inertial stimuli of flying does not experience any simulator sickness symptoms at all .motion sickness symptomatology can be described as an avalanche of symptoms developing at various speeds culminating in nausea and vomiting the important initial symptoms are drowsiness the first to yawn is the first to throw up and headache then hyper salivation bodily.warmth cold sweat paleness and various degrees of mental depression or apathy develop this is.accompanied by the development of an awareness of the stomach into epigastrial discomfort and retching at the same time a feeling of nausea located to the throat develops culminating in.vomiting followed by a return to an earlier step of the symptomatology very often just to realise.that a new development of symptoms is on its way exemple 288 2, 3, 4, 5.

Question 120-19 : In the absence of external reference points the sensation that the vehicle in which you sitting is moving when it is in fact the vehicle directly alongside which is moving is called ?

Illusion of relative movement

exemple 292 Illusion of relative movement.

Question 120-20 : Which of the following illusions are brought about by conflicts between the visual system and the vestibular system .1 illusions concerning the attitude of the aircraft.2 autokinetic illusion fixed point viewed as moving .3 illusions when estimating the size and distance of objects.4 illusions of ?

1 4

.conflicts between the visual system and the vestibular system can occur when . there is visual stimulation in the absence of vestibular stimulation . there is a delay between vestibular sensations of motion and corresponding movements of a visual scene . the motions of a visual scene are distorted compared with motions of the head exemple 296 1, 4.

Question 120-21 : The vestibular system is composed of .1 two ventricles.2 a saccule.3 a utricle.4 three semicircular channels ?

2 3 4

exemple 300 2, 3, 4.

Question 120-22 : Which of the following statement s is/are correct .1 the retina has rods on its peripheral zone and cones on its central zone.2 the retina has cones and the crystalline lens has rods.3 the rods allow for night vision.4 the cones are located on the peripheral zone of the retina ?

1 3

. /com en/com040 388a jpg. /com en/com040 388b jpg.the numbers of rods and cones vary over the surface of the retina the percentage of cones is not equal but is as follows blue 4% green 32% and red 64% in addition the cones are differentially distributed in the retina the center of the retina has a dense concentration of cones but no rods while the periphery has many rods but few cones .cones are active at high light levels and allow us to see color and fine detail directly in front of us .the rods allow for night vision exemple 304 1, 3.

Question 120-23 : In order to perceive colour vision it is necessary .1 for there to be a sufficient amount of light ambient luminosity .2 at night to look at the point to be observed at an angle of 15° .3 to allow the eye a period of time to get used to the light .4 to avoid white light ?

1

exemple 308 1.

Question 120-24 : The retina allows for colour perception as a result of the ?

Cones located in its central part

exemple 312 Cones located in its central part.

Question 120-25 : Accommodation which enables a clear image to be obtained is accomplished by which of the following ?

The crystalline lens

exemple 316 The crystalline lens.

Question 120-26 : In civil air transport linear accelerations gx .1 do not exist.2 have slight physiological consequences.3 may in the case of pull out lead to loss of consciousness.4 may cause sensory illusions on the pitch axis ?

2 4

Please download the faa publication concerning acceleration in aviation .pdf935 exemple 320 2, 4.

Question 120-27 : Which of the following mechanisms regulate body temperature when exposed to extreme high environmental temperatures .1 shivering.2 vaso constriction of peripheral blood vessels.3 sweating.4 vaso dilation of peripheral blood vessels ?

3 4

.sweating and vaso dilation are reactions to high temperatures .shivering and vaso constriction are reactions to low temperatures exemple 324 3, 4.

Question 120-28 : The following can be observed when the internal body temperature falls below 35°c ?

Shivering will tend to cease and be followed by the onset of apathy

exemple 328 Shivering, will tend to cease, and be followed by the onset of apathy.

Question 120-29 : We can observe the following in relation to a state of hypothermia ?

Reasoning problems as soon as body temperature falls below 37°c

Ocense95 .37ºc is considered to be a high body temperature 36ºc is a normal temperature so i think there must be an error on the temperature ..the body adapts to heat better than it does to cold our cooling mechanisms are more effective and the body can tolerate higher temperatures the human body temperature must be maintained between 35°c and 38°c but 'normal' temperature is 37°c .when the internal body temperature falls there can be a number of adverse reactions including a loss of reasoning and logic note that the other answers are simply not true you can only select one of the four answers offered and this is without a doubt the best answer exemple 332 Reasoning problems as soon as body temperature falls below 37°c.

Question 120-30 : With regard to decompression sickness associated with flight we know that ?

Age obesity and scuba diving are risk factors

exemple 336 Age, obesity and scuba diving are risk factors.

Question 120-31 : The procedure to be followed in the event of decompression when flying above 10000 ft must ?

Allow for the rapid supply of oxygen in order to prevent hypoxia

exemple 340 Allow for the rapid supply of oxygen in order to prevent hypoxia.

Question 120-32 : What is the 'time of useful consciousness' for a rapid decompression at 25 000 ft ?

Between 3 and 5 minutes depending on the physical activities of the subjected pilot

Img /com en/com070 169 jpg. exemple 344 Between 3 and 5 minutes depending on the physical activities of the subjected pilot.

Question 120-33 : The time of useful consciousness may vary according to .1 physical activity of the subjected crew.2 the experience of the pilot on the type of aircraft in question.3 the strength and time of decompression.4 the time of day ?

1 3

exemple 348 1, 3.

Question 120-34 : What is the main problem caused by positive +gz accelerations ?

A pooling of blood in the lower portions of the body and hence less blood available

exemple 352 A pooling of blood in the lower portions of the body, and hence less blood available.

Question 120-35 : Which of the following statements are correct .1 hypothermia affects physical and mental abilities .2 man has effective natural protection against intense cold .3 shivering makes it possible to combat the cold to a certain extent but uses up a lot of energy.4 disorders associated with hypothermia ?

1 3 4

exemple 356 1, 3, 4.

Question 120-36 : Rods scotopic visual cells allow for ?

Good night vision after adaptation to darkness 30 min

exemple 360 Good night-vision after adaptation to darkness (30 min).

Question 120-37 : Of the following alternatives which effects are due to positive acceleration + gz .1 decrease in heart rate.2 pooling of blood into lower parts of the body.3 drop in blood pressure above heart level.4 downward displacement or deformation of soft or mobile organs ?

2 3 4

exemple 364 2, 3, 4.

Question 120-38 : To optimise one's night vision performance it is necessary . 1 to spend some time getting adapted to low levels of illumination. 2 to increase the instrument panel lighting by reducing the cockpit lighting. 3 not to focus on the point to be observed. 4 to avoid blinding sources of light ?

1 3 4

exemple 368 1, 3, 4.

Question 120-39 : Visual perception of depth at close to medium distance is primarily due to ?

Binocular vision

exemple 372 Binocular vision.

Question 120-40 : What could be symptoms of hypoxia when flying without oxygen above 12000 ft ?

Headache fatigue dizziness lack of coordination

.in the compensatory zone between 10000 ft to 15000 ft the physiological automatic responses provide some protection against hypoxia trying to maintain homeostasis these include . increases in the respiratory volume . increase in cardiac output and blood pressure .however after a short time the effects of hypoxia are perceptible causing .headache fatigue dizziness lack of coordination exemple 376 Headache, fatigue, dizziness, lack of coordination.


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