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Question 121-1 : Autokinetic illusion is ? [ Preparation civilian ]

An illusion in which a stationary point of light if stared at for several seconds in the dark may without a frame of reference appear to move

exemple 221 An illusion in which a stationary point of light, if stared at for several seconds in the dark, may (without a frame of reference) appear to move.

Question 121-2 : Which of the following statements are correct .1 scuba diving may be practiced without restriction.2 many medicines have effects which are incompatible with flight safety.3 an adequate amount of fluid should be drunk when flying.4 alcohol has no effect on the inner ear ?

2 and 3 are correct

.there are recommended restrictions of time before flying depending on what altitude you are flying .statements 2 and 3 are correct statements 1 and 4 are incorrect exemple 225 2 and 3 are correct.

Question 121-3 : The atmospheric pressure at 18000 feet altitude is half the atmospheric pressure at sea level in accordance with this statement ?

The partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will also drop to 1/2 of the pressure of oxygen at sea level

exemple 229 The partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will also drop to 1/2 of the pressure of oxygen at sea level.

Question 121-4 : You climb from 0 to 50000 feet and measure the decrease of the pressure per 5000 feet the absolute difference in barometric pressure is greatest between ?

0 and 5000 feet

exemple 233 0 and 5000 feet.

Question 121-5 : The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 30 000 feet remains at 21% but the partial pressure of oxygen ?

Decreases with decreasing barometric pressure

exemple 237 Decreases with decreasing barometric pressure.

Question 121-6 : Air at an altitude of 18000 feet contains approximately ?

21% oxygen


Question 121-7 : Dry air is a mixture of gases their volume percentage is about ?

21% oxygen 78% nitrogen 1% other gases

exemple 245 21% oxygen,78% nitrogen, 1% other gases.

Question 121-8 : Boyle's law is directly applicable in case of ?

The expansion of trapped gasses in the human body with increasing altitude


Question 121-9 : Dalton's law explains the occurrence of ?

Altitude hypoxia

exemple 253 Altitude hypoxia.

Question 121-10 : Henry's law explains the occurrence of ?

Decompression sickness

.henry's law states that the amount of gas disolved in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of that gas above the liquid as atmospheric pressure decreases in the climb gases which have been held in solution in body tissue come out of solution and form small bubbles causing the bends and other forms of decompression sickness exemple 257 Decompression sickness.

Question 121-11 : Our body takes its energy from .1 minerals.2 protein.3 carbonhydrates.4 vitamins ?

2 3

exemple 261 2, 3.

Question 121-12 : What is meant by metabolism ?

The generation and utilisation of energy by the body's cells and tissues

exemple 265 The generation and utilisation of energy by the body's cells and tissues.

Question 121-13 : One of the waste products of the metabolic process in the cell is ?

Carbon dioxide

exemple 269 Carbon dioxide.

Question 121-14 : The body loses water via .1 the skin and the lungs.2 the kidneys.which of the following lists all the correct answers ?

1 and 2 are correct

.the body loses water primarily by excreting it in urine from the kidneys also through the lungs as water vapor and through the skin as perspiration sweating exemple 273 1 and 2 are correct.

Question 121-15 : Under normal circumstances which gas will diffuse from the blood to the alveoli ?

Carbon dioxide

exemple 277 Carbon dioxide.

Question 121-16 : The thin walls of capillaries are permeable for ?

Gases

.capillaries are the smallest blood vessels they form connections between the smallest arterioles and the smallest venules capillaries are essentially extensions of the inner linings of these larger vessels in their walls consists of endothelium a single layer of squamous epithelial cells these thin walls form the semipermeable membranes through which substances in the blood are exchanged for substances in the tissue fluid surrounding body cells . 2771.the pores in capillary walls are thin slits that occur where two adjacent endothelial cells overlap the sizes of such openings and consequently the permeability of the capillary walls vary from tissue to tissue for example the capillaries in muscle tissues are less permeable than those of the liver spleen or bone marrow .the density of the capillaries within the tissue varies directly with the tissues' rates of metabolism thus muscle and nerve tissues which utilize relatively large quantities of oxygen and nutrients are richly supplied with capillaries while tissues of cartilage the epidermis and the cornea whose metabolic rates are very slow lack capillaries . 2770.the patterns of capillary arrangement also differ in various body part for example some capillaries pass directly from arterioles to venule but others lead to highly branched networks such arrangements make it possible for the blood to follow different pathways through a tissue and to meet the varying demands of its cells during periods of exercise for example the blood can be directed into the capillary networks of the skeletal muscles where the cells are experiencing an increasing need for oxygen and nutrients at the same time the blood can bypass some of the capillary nets in the tissues of the digestive tract where the demand for blood is less critical .the distribution of blood in the various capillary pathways is regulated mainly by the smooth muscles that encircle the capillary entrances these muscles form precapillary sphincters which may close a capillary by contracting or open it by relaxing how precapillary sphincters are controlled is not clear but they seem to respond to the demands of the cells supplied by their individual capillaries when the cells are low in concentration of oxygen and nutrients the sphincter relaxes when the cellular needs are met the sphincter may contract again exemple 281 Gases.

Question 121-17 : The circulatory system amongst other things allows for .1 transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide.2 transportation of information by chemical substances.which of the following lists all the correct statements ?

1 and 2 are correct

exemple 285 1 and 2 are correct.

Question 121-18 : Someone who has anaemia has ?

Not enough functional haemoglobin

exemple 289 Not enough functional haemoglobin.

Question 121-19 : The heart muscle is supplied with blood by ?

The coronary arteries

exemple 293 The coronary arteries.

Question 121-20 : The normal arterial blood pressure of a healthy adult at rest is systolic/diastolic ?

120/80 mm hg

exemple 297 120/80 mm hg.

Question 121-21 : Which of the following statements is correct .the blood pressure which is measured during flight medical checks is the pressure ?

In the artery of the upper arm representing the pressure at heart level

exemple 301 In the artery of the upper arm (representing the pressure at heart level).

Question 121-22 : Blood pressure depends on .1 the cardiac output.2 the resistance of the capillaries.which of the following lists all the correct answers ?

1 and 2 are correct

exemple 305 1 and 2 are correct.

Question 121-23 : The blood pressure depends on .1 the work of the heart.2 the peripheral resistance.3 the elasticity of the arterial walls.4 the blood volume and viscosity ?

1 2 3 and 4 are correct

exemple 309 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

Question 121-24 : Changes in blood pressure are measured by ?

Pressoreceptors

exemple 313 Pressoreceptors.

Question 121-25 : The pressoreceptors are located in ?

The carotid and aortic arterial vessels

exemple 317 The carotid and aortic arterial vessels.

Question 121-26 : When the pressoreceptors detect a lowering of the blood pressure there are adaptation mechanisms which result in .1 an increase of respiratory activity.2 the arteriols to constrict.3 an increase of cardiac output.4 the heart rate to rise ?

2 3 and 4 are correct 1 is false

.the 'adaptation mechanisms' are the means by which the body counteracts the lowering of the blood pressure ie attempts to raise the blood presure exemple 321 2, 3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false.

Question 121-27 : The physiological effects of accelerations to the human body depend on .1 the duration of the g forces .2 the onset rate of the g forces .3 the magnitude of the g forces .4 the direction of the g forces ?

1 2 3 and 4 are correct

.all four will influence the effect of g forces if high g forces are applied rapidly enough for a period of around five seconds or more then loss of consciousness can occur without any of the visual warning signs of low level tunnel vision or black out exemple 325 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

Question 121-28 : Positive g will cause the blood flow to the brain to ?

Decrease

exemple 329 Decrease.

Question 121-29 : During sustained positive g forces the order of symptoms you can expect is ?

Grey out tunnel vision black out and unconsciousness

exemple 333 Grey-out, tunnel vision, black-out and unconsciousness.

Question 121-30 : The normal rate of breathing of an adult at rest is about ?

16 cycles per minute

.respiratory rate breathing rate or respiratory frequency the number of breaths a person takes during one minute it is usually measured at rest while sitting .medical textbooks suggest that normal respiratory rate for adults is only 12 breaths per minute at rest most adults breathe much faster about 15 20 breaths per minute .if you forget in the exam then time your breathing and count exemple 337 16 cycles per minute.

Question 121-31 : The volume of air exchanged during a normal breathing cycle tidal volume is about ?

500 ml of air

.resting tidal volume volume of air going in and out of the lungs during normal respiration about 0 5 litres at rest exemple 341 500 ml of air.

Question 121-32 : When exhaling the expired air contains ?

More carbon dioxide than the inspired air

exemple 345 More carbon dioxide than the inspired air.

Question 121-33 : The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli can be described by ?

The law of diffusion

.fick's law gas diffusion law gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration exemple 349 The law of diffusion.

Question 121-34 : Hyperventilation is ?

An increased lung ventilation

exemple 353 An increased lung ventilation.

Question 121-35 : If somebody starts breathing faster and deeper without physiological need ?

The blood turns more alkaline

exemple 357 The blood turns more alkaline.

Question 121-36 : When hyperventilating you should ?

Control your rate and depth of breathing

exemple 361 Control your rate and depth of breathing.

Question 121-37 : A pilot can overcome hyperventilation by ?

Controlling the rate and depth of breathing and/or breathing into a bag

exemple 365 Controlling the rate and depth of breathing and/or breathing into a bag.

Question 121-38 : You can overcome hyperventilation by breathing into a plastic or paper bag the intention is ?

To raise the level of co2 in the blood as fast as possible

exemple 369 To raise the level of co2 in the blood as fast as possible.

Question 121-39 : Raising the sensory threshold of a sensory organ means ?

A lesser sensitivity

.if a sensory threshold increases sensitivity decreases raising the perceptual threshold of a sensory organ means lesser sensitivity exemple 373 A lesser sensitivity.

Question 121-40 : Subcutaneous pressure receptors are stimulated by ?

The pressure created on the corresponding body parts when sitting standing or lying down

exemple 377 The pressure created on the corresponding body parts when sitting, standing or lying down.


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