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Question 126-1 : In flight incapacitation of a pilot is most frequently caused by ? [ Preparation civilian ]
Acute gastrointestinal disorders
Question 126-2 : Preventing hypoxia at altitude is achieved by ?
Pressurizing the air inside the aircraft to achieve oxygen saturation in blood of more than 90%
Question 126-3 : Stimuli must be of a certain strength for the receptors to pick them up this is called ?
Sensory threshold
Question 126-4 : By what action could the pressure gradient between the middle and the outer ear be balanced ?
By swallowing
Question 126-5 : Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight ?
If the brain receives conflicting information and the pilot does not believe the instruments
.spatial disorientation is a false perception of orientation of the aircraft with respect to spatial references .the procedure recommended to prevent or overcome spatial disorientation is to rely entirely on the indications of the flight instruments
Question 126-6 : Smoking 3 cigarettes in 1 hour at sea level will ?
Cause a lower degree of hypoxic tolerance
Question 126-7 : Records of radiation are normally kept for flights above ?
49000 ft
.when discussing hazards to flight general crew and passenger health radiation falls into 2 categories .ionizing and non ionizing radiation .ionization involves the displacement of electrically charged particles electrons from atoms and the breakup of the nuclei of atoms and the resultant production of ions ionizing radiation also includes alpha rays/particles beta rays/particles gamma rays radon and x rays and is associated with the radiation of ions .cosmic radiation is the collective term for the radiation of high energy subatomic particles from space exploding stars and to a lesser extent from the sun and the secondary ionizing radiation produced when the high energy subatomic particles interact with nitrogen oxygen and other elements of earth's atmosphere .the easa established requirements for operators to educate crewmembers of health risks to adjust work schedules of those exposed to high levels of radiation and to measure or to sample radiation during flights above 49000 ft
Question 126-8 : Presbyopia causes a ?
Decrease of accommodation
Question 126-9 : Presbycusis results in ?
Reduction in the perception of high tones first
Question 126-10 : Presbycusis causes initial loss of ?
High tones
Question 126-11 : Pilots should not take antihistamines because they may cause .1 drowsiness and dizziness.2 hypoglycaemia.3 hyperventilation.4 flatulence.which of the following lists all the correct answers ?
Only 1
Question 126-12 : Resonance of the body parts can result from ?
Vibrations from 1 to 100 hz
.in examination of the impact of vibration upon the human body there are several characteristics of the vibration that must betaken into account direction rotation frequency magnitude point of entry and duration are all factors which play a part in determining how vibration is transmitted throughout the body and hence how the body changes as a result .direction of vibration is expressed in terms of three linear axes these axes of vibration are fore and aft x axis lateral y axis and vertical z axis on the human body the x axis is mapped as being from the back to chest the y axis is from the right to left side and the z axis is from foot to head in the standing or recumbent individual and buttocks to head in the seated individual there are also three rotational vectors that vibration will follow roll pitch and yaw which correspond to rotation about the x y and z axes respectively rotational vectors are not usually measured in investigations of occupational vibration .frequency is usually expressed in cycles per second in hertz hz exposure to certain vibration frequencies may have profound effects on specific parts and systems of the body particularly if the frequency of vibration corresponds to the resonant frequency of that body part or system in such cases vibration in that area is likely to be amplified and therefore may have more pronounced effects on that area as compared to other parts of the body for vibrations transmitted in the z direction e g for seated individuals where most vibration may be transmitted from a seat pan to the buttocks resonance for the abdomen including the soft organs and respiration occurs at approximately 4 8 hz spinal and upper torso resonances occur at 10 12 hz head and neck resonance occurs at around 30 hz and the eyeballs are resonant at 60 90 hz with regard to transmission of vibration throughout the body in general the higher the frequency of the vibration the faster the vibration is attenuated as it moves throughout the body
Question 126-13 : Flights immediately after scuba diving using compressed gas to depths greater than 10 metres ?
Are to be avoided because of the possibility of decompression sickness
Question 126-14 : Hyperventilation is ?
A normal compensatory physiological reaction to a drop in partial oxygen pressure i e when climbing a high mountain
.hyperventilation reduces the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood to below its normal level because one is expiring more carbon dioxide than being produced in the body thereby raising the blood's ph value making it more alkaline this initiates constriction of the blood vessels which supply the brain and preventing the transport of oxygen and other molecules necessary for the function of the nervous system
Question 126-15 : How does an increase in altitude affect the haemoglobin oxygen saturation ?
As altitude increases the haemoglobin oxygen saturation decreases
Question 126-16 : How can vertigo be prevented in conditions of good visibility ?
By looking at the horizon
Question 126-17 : How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported throughout the body ?
Circulation
Question 126-18 : State the conditions which cause the 'black hole effect' and the danger to flight safety ?
The 'black hole effect' can be caused by flying over water at night on the approach to an airfield which can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it is leading to a low approach being flown
.a black hole approach illusion can happen during a final approach at night no stars or moonlight over water or unlit terrain to a lighted runway beyond which the horizon is not visible if the pilot has no peripheral visual cues to be oriented relative to the earth there may be the illusion of being upright and the runway itself to be tilted and sloping .a particularly hazardous black hole illusion involves approaching a runway under conditions with no lights before the runway and with city lights or rising terrain beyond the runway these conditions may produce the visual illusion of being too high on final approach resulting in pitching the aircraft nose down to decrease the perceived approach angle
Question 126-19 : Having a cold or an infection of the upper respiratory tract you ?
Should not fly because the congestion of the frontal sinuses may cause great pain which can seriously affect your ability to control yourself and the aircraft
Question 126-20 : Glaucoma is due to ?
Increase in pressure of the liquid within the eye
Question 126-21 : Galactic radiation is ?
Steady and reasonably predictable
Question 126-22 : Free running circadian rhythms normally have a cycle of approximately ?
24 hours
Most totally blind people have circadian rhythms that are 'free running' i e that are not synchronized to environmental time cues and that oscillate on a cycle slightly longer than 24 hours .why the easa asks about free running circadian rhythms remains a mystery .for information this question belongs to the learning objective 040 02 03 02 'body rythm and sleep state the approximate duration of a 'free running' rhythm'
Question 126-23 : Flying immediately following a dive with scuba diving equipment to a depth greater than 10 metres is not advisable because ?
Can cause decompression sickness even when flying at pressure altitudes below 18 000 ft
Question 126-24 : Hepatitis 'a' is transmitted through ?
Food or water which has been contaminated
Question 126-25 : Alcohol degrades ?
Paradoxical sleep
Admin .alcohol has a significant effect on the sleep cycle and after more than two or so glasses of wine or beer alcohol can largely eliminate all of the rem sleep in the first half of the sleep period this can lead to subsequent alcohol withdrawal effects in the second half of the sleep period which will include sleep fragmentation ironically therefore although alcohol is often used to promote relaxation and sleep it has major disruptive effects on the subsequent rest .there are five phases of sleep usually when you are sleeping you begin at stage 1 and go through each stage until reaching rem sleep and then you begin the cycle again .each complete sleep cycle takes from 90 to 110 minutes your brain acts differently in each stage of sleep in some of the stages your body may make movements but in others your arms and legs will be immobile .stage 1 sleep is light sleep you experience a drifting in and out of sleep you can be easily woken up your eye movement and body movements slow down you may experience sudden jerky movement of your legs or other muscles these are known as hypnic myoclonia or myoclonic jerks .stage 2 around 50 percent of your time sleeping is spent in stage 2 sleep during this stage eye movement stops and your brain waves a measure of the activity level of the brain become slower .stage 3 is the first stage of deep sleep the brain waves are a combination of slow waves known as delta waves combined with faster waves during stage 3 sleep it can be very difficult to wake someone up if you are woken up during this stage you may feel groggy and disoriented for several minutes .stage 4 sleep is the second stage of deep sleep in this stage the brain is making the slow delta waves almost exclusively in this stage it is also very difficult to wake someone up both stages of deep sleep are important for feeling refreshed in the morning if these stages are too short sleep will not feel satisfying .stage 5 rem rapid eye movement sleep is the sleep stage in which dreaming occurs when you enter into rem sleep your breathing becomes fast irregular and shallow your eyes will move rapidly and your muscles become immobile heart rate and blood pressure increase men may develop erections about 20 percent of sleep is rem sleep for adults
Question 126-26 : Among the measures that a pilot should take when in an area where gastro intestinal upsets are endemic is ?
Avoidance of ice in cold drinks
.acute gastro intestinal upsets may be infective or reactive to certain foods and may pass with minor symptomatic treatment .ice produced from unknown water sources is.a common cause of gastro intestinal upsets .for meats and fruits cooking will indeed kill most of the bacteria curries or gassy foods may cause flatulence but that is better than the gastro intestinal upsets .flying should not be undertaken until the applicant has recovered
Question 126-27 : Among the factors which can cause illusions while taxiing are ?
Relative movement and cockpit height above the ground
Question 126-28 : Among the factors which affect visual acuity are ?
Hypoxia age and angular distance from the fovea
Question 126-29 : Among the factors which affect night vision are ?
Age cabin altitudes above 5000 ft smoking and alcohol
Question 126-30 : A pilot should not fly immediately after donating blood because ?
You have an increased susceptibility to fainting
.the reason a pilot cannot fly straight after donating blood is due to loss of haemoglobin which will cause a decrease tolerance to hypoxia and with the loss of blood volume also risk of fainting .aircrew are advised that in order to prevent the very slight risk of post transfusion faintness or syncope they should refrain from donating blood or plasma if they are required to fly within twenty four hours
Question 126-31 : An illusion of obtaining greater height above ground can occur when ?
Suddenly flying over small trees after prolonged flying over tall trees
Question 126-32 : After a cabin pressure loss at approximately 35000 ft the tuc time of useful consciousness will be approximately ?
30 40 seconds
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Question 126-33 : Smoking cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood to carry oxygen because ?
Haemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than it has for oxygen
Question 126-34 : A pilot climbing in a non pressurised aircraft and without using supplemental oxygen will pass the critical threshold at approximately ?
20 000 ft
A pressure altitude of 20000 ft seems to be the critical threshold where the incidence of decompression sickness increases rapidly and the chance to experience decompression sickness symptoms is greater than 50% .with the normal cockpit pressurization schedule the critical cockpit pressure altitude of 21500 ft will be reached at 48000 ft flight altitude
Question 126-35 : Tetanus is transmitted through ?
Bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin
Question 126-36 : Among the factors that increase tolerance to long duration g forces are ?
Bending forward or supine body position and tensing of the abdominal muscles
. harness does not help
Question 126-37 : Astigmatism is caused by ?
A mis shapened cornea
Question 126-38 : By 'long duration acceleration' we mean that it lasts more than ?
1 second
.long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second and have a duration of perhaps minutes .the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on the plateau level of the acceleration imposed on the body as the response to long duration acceleration is due to the effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of the tissues and organs of the body and from alterations in the flow and distribution of blood and body fluids .acceleration describes the change of velocity of an object and is also a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction .an applied acceleration is often referred to in terms of 'g' the ratio of the applied acceleration to the gravitational constant g 9 81 m/s²
Question 126-39 : Below 70000 ft what gas makes up the major part of the atmosphere ?
Nitrogen
Question 126-40 : Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose ?
Is caused by differences in pressure between the sinus cavities and the outside air pressure
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