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Question 129-1 : The trend in aeroplane hull loss rate over the last three decades seems to be related to ? [ Preparation civilian ]
The crew.
Human error is, by far, the most pervasive contributing factor to accidents and incidents in technologically complex systems such as air transportation...one major data base of jet transport accidents worldwide indicates that 65 per cent of all such accidents have been attributed to flight crew error...it also indicates that for the approach and landing phases of flight, which account for 4 per cent of total flight exposure time and 49 per cent of all accidents, flight crew error is cited in 80 per cent of cases as a causal factor. other sources of human error, including maintenance, dispatch and, importantly, air traffic control, account for another significant proportion of accidents.
Question 129-2 : One negative aspect of the highly automated cockpit results in ?
Complacency among the crewmembers.
Question 129-3 : Between which components, with reference to the shell concept, covers pilot misinterpretation of the old three point altimeter ?
Liveware hardware.
.the shell model is a conceptual model of human factors that clarifies the scope of aviation human factors and assists in understanding the human factor relationships between aviation system resources/environment the flying subsystem and the human component in the aviation system the human subsystem...the shell model was first developed by edwards 1972 and later modified into a building block structure by hawkins 1984. the model is named after the initial letters of its components software, hardware, environment, liveware and places emphasis on the human being and human interfaces with other components of the aviation system.. 1964.s = software procedures, symbology, etc....h = hardware machine.e = environment.l = liveware human..in the shell model, the match or mismatch of the blocke interface is just as important as the characteristics of the blocks themselves. a mismatch can be a source of human error...liveware hardware l h. interaction between human operator and machine... involves matching the physical features of the aircraft, cockpit or equipment with the general characteristics of human users while considering the task or job to be performed..examples. designing passenger and crew seats to fit the sitting characteristics of the human body. designing cockpit displays and controls to match the sensory, information processing and movement characteristics of human users while facilitating action sequencing, minimising workload through location/layout and including safeguards for incorrect/inadvertent operation... mismatches at the l h interface may occur through. poorly designed equipment. inappropriate or missing operational material. badly located or coded instruments and control devices. warning systems that fail in alerting, informational or guidance functions in abnormal situations etc..... the old 3 pointer aircraft altimeter encouraged errors because it was very difficult for pilots to tell what information related to which pointer.
Question 129-4 : The errors resulting from an illogical indexing system in an operations manual are related to an interface mismatch between ?
Liveware software.
Question 129-5 : Organisational factors which affect or may have some influence on human error are..1 malfunction of technical systems.2 fuel saving policies.3 rostering.4 weather phenomena..which of the following lists all the correct answers ?
2 and 3.
. malfunction of technical systems and weather are not organisational factors..a complex fuel saving policies can lead to errors and a bad rostering may lead to fatigue, which can lead to errors.
Question 129-6 : The causes of human error can be abundant and complex. which of the following factors could contribute to human error..1. personality..2. motivation and attitudes..3. emotional state..4. external environmental factors...which of the following lists all of the correct factors ?
1, 2, 3 and 4.
Question 129-7 : The errors of a motor programme are ?
Action slip and environmental capture habituation.
.motor programmes.if a task is performed often enough, it may eventually become automatic and the required skills and actions are stored in long term memory. these are known as motor programmes and are ingrained routines that have been established through practice..the use of a motor programme reduces the load on the central decision maker. an often quoted example is that of driving a car at first, each individual action such as gear changing is demanding, but eventually the separate actions are combined into a motor programme and can be performed with little or no awareness. these motor programmes allow us to carry out simultaneous activities, such as having a conversation whilst driving... action slips as the name implies are the same as slips, i.e. an action not carried out as intended..the example given below may consist of a pilot intending to key in fl110 into the fms but keying in fl100 by mistake, after having been distracted by a query from his co pilot.. /com en/com040 592.jpg.. environmental capture may occur when a pilot carries out a certain task very frequently in a certain location. thus, a pilot used to reaching for a certain switch to select function a on an airbus a320, may inadvertently select the same switch on an airbus 321 when, in fact, it has a different function.
Question 129-8 : With reference to the shell model, s represents ?
Software which includes check lists.
Question 129-9 : Who in the aviation industry is responsible for flight safety ?
Everyone involved.
Question 129-10 : Ergonomics are associated with ?
The human/workplace interface.
Question 129-11 : Which of the following human error rates can be described and pretty good realistic and pretty good, after methodical training ?
1 in 1000 times.
.after a methodical training , human error rates can be less than 1 in 1000. without training and methodology, the error rate can be as high as 1 in 100.
Question 129-12 : Which of the following concepts relating to human reliability is true ?
If equipment is designed in such a way that it can be operated wrongly, then sooner or later, it will be.
Question 129-13 : What is the current approach to human error ?
Realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be designed to minimise human error.
.human factors as a term has to be clearly defined because when these words are used in the vernacular they are often applied to any factor related to humans. the human element is the most flexible, adaptable and valuable part of the aviation system, but it is also the most vulnerable to influences which can adversely affect its performance..throughout the years, some three out of four accidents have resulted from less than optimum human performance. this has commonly been classified as human error...the term 'human error' is of no help in accident prevention because although it may indicate where in the system a breakdown occurs, it provides no guidance as to why it occurs. an error attributed to humans in the system may have been design induced or stimulated by inadequate training, badly designed procedures or the poor concept or layout of checklists or manuals. further, the term 'human error' allows concealment of the underlying factors which must be brought to the fore if accidents are to be prevented. in fact, contemporary safety thinking argues that human error should be the starting point rather than the stop rule in accident investigation and prevention...to contain and control human error, one must first understand its nature. there are basic concepts associated with the nature of human error the origins of errors can be fundamentally different and the consequences of similar errors can also be significantly different. while some errors are due to carelessness, negligence or poor judgement, others may be induced by poorly designed equipment or may result from a normal reaction of a person to a particular situation. the latter kind of error is likely to be repeated and its occurrence can be anticipated.
Question 129-14 : Human error rates during the performance of a simple and repetitive task can normally be expected to be approximately ?
1 in 100.
Question 129-15 : If one error is allowed to effect a whole system, the system is described as ?
Vulnerable.
.the entire system can collapse due to this error.
Question 129-16 : In 1972, a psychologist named edwards presented a concept of the interface between flight crew and other parts of the airspace environment...what is this concept called and the names of those elements involved ?
The shell concept. software, hardware, environment, and liveware.
Question 129-17 : What are the main advantages of the human over the machine ?
Creativity, innovation, and aptitude to deal with novel situations.
Question 129-18 : What role should automation play with respect to flight safety ?
Automation should be used as an aid to the pilot and not as an end in itself.
Question 129-19 : The most significant item of technical equipment introduced in the 1980s and 1990s which has contributed to a reduction in accidents is ?
Gpws.
Question 129-20 : Which of the following list are factors necessary for the promotion of good quality training..1 quality of instruction.2 motivation.3 knowledge of results feedback.4 a large amount of reference material.5 no time restrictions ?
1, 2, 3.
Question 129-21 : In an organisation where good safety culture is predominant, the accountability rests largely with ?
Management.
Ecqb03, august 2016
Question 129-22 : Civil aviation is generally recognized for being ?
An open culture activity.
Ecqb03, august 2016
Question 129-23 : Fill in the missing words in the following statements.safety culture is..... of national culture. ?
A sub set.
Ecqb03, august 2016
Question 129-24 : Without visual reference, what illusion could the pilot get, when he is stopping the rotation to recover from a spin he will get the illusion of... ?
Spinning into the opposite direction.
Question 129-25 : A pilot, accelerating or decelerating in level flight may get ?
The illusion of climbing or descending.
Question 129-26 : Which of the following symptoms may a pilot experience when subjected to hypoxia.1. fatigue..2. euphoria..3. lack of concentration..4. pain in the joints..5. choking feeling ?
1, 2 and 3 are correct.
The symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue, visual disturbances, lack of concentration, euphoria...pain in the joints 'bends' is a symptom of decompression sickness..pain in the inner ear is a symptom of infection.
Question 129-27 : The consumption of medicines or other substances may have consequences on qualification to fly for the following reasons..1. the disease requiring a treatment may be cause for disqualification..2. flight conditions may modify the reactions of the body to a treatment..3. drugs may cause adverse side ?
1, 2, 3, 4.
Question 129-28 : Vitamin a and possibly vitamins b and c are chemical factors and essential to good night vision.1. vitamin deficiencies may decrease night vision performance.2. an excess intake of vitamin a will improve night vision performance significantly.3. pilots should be carefully concerned to take a ?
1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false.
Question 129-29 : Breathing 100% oxygen at 40000 ft is equivalent to breathing ambient air at ?
10 000 ft.
.we are about 75% water, therefore the air in our lungs is always fully saturated with water vapour. this means the air in our lungs is different to the air outside because it contains a much higher proportion of water vapour. this water vapour exerts a partial pressure too, and this competes with the other gases in our lungs. the partial pressure exerted by water vapour in our lungs is 47 mmhg. it is always 47 mmhg, at any altitude, whatever you are breathing in, because it is always fully saturated with water vapour.....the partial pressure of oxygen in our lungs at sea level is 103 mmhg. 150 mmhg from the atmosphere, but take away the constant 47 mmhg from the water vapour and this leaves 103 mmhg. so in our lungs.... sea level partial pressure of oxygen is about 103 mmhg... at 10000 ft this pressure drops to 55 mmhg , but this is enough for normal fit people to get by on... above 10000 ft the oxygen concentration breathed in has to be increased to maintain the oxygen partial pressure at 103 mmhg, ie more oxygen is added to the air mix in the mask... at 33700 ft breathing 100% oxygen still provides a partial pressure of 103 mmhg. just like being at sea level as far as our bodies are concerned... between 33700 ft and 40000 ft the partial pressure of oxygen in your lungs decreases to 55 mmhg. so, although you are now breathing 100% oxygen through a mask, the pressure this oxygen exerts in your lungs is only 55 mmhg. a normal, fit person is still ok, as he is at the equivalent altitude of about 10000 ft but people with heart or lungs problems may start to feel the strain. and many do... above 40000 ft even the 100% oxygen in your mask cannot provide enough pressure to push the molecules into the blood stream. you need positive pressure added to your 100% oxygen to force it across the lung wall.....we are ok up to 10000 ft because haemoglobin has cleverly adapted its behaviour with respect to the absorption and release of oxy it is still able to gobble up oxygen from the lungs and almost fully saturate the blood even at the lower partial pressures experienced at 10000 ft. this allows humans to live at these altitudes. above 10000 ft though, the haemoglobin struggles to absorb sufficient oxy humans living above these altitudes peru etc have other adaptations, but note there are almost no humans who live above about 12000 ft.
Question 129-30 : At what altitude breathing 100% oxygen without pressure could symptoms of hypoxia be expected ?
Approximately 38 40 000 ft.
Benito.oxygen pressure drops over fl380..i guess this is the actual reason what made easa choose this answer....you are right..this question refers to learning objectives 040 02 01 02 respiratory and circulatory systems. hypoxia.state the equivalent altitudes when breathing ambient air and 100% oxygen for msl and approximately 10,000 ft, 30,000 ft and 40,000 ft...above 40000 ft, 100% oxygen alone is insufficient and it must be supplied under pressure to the oxygen mask.
Question 129-31 : You can survive at any altitude, provided that ?
Enough oxygen, pressure and heat is available.
Question 129-32 : The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is 21% which ?
Is constant at all altitudes for conventional aircraft.
Question 129-33 : The percentage of oxygen in the air at an altitude of approximately 34 000 ft is ?
21%.
Question 129-34 : The respiratory process consists mainly of ?
The diffusion of oxygen through the respiratory membranes into the blood, transportation to the cells, diffusion into the cells and elimination of carbon dioxide from the body.
Question 129-35 : Which of the following applies to carbon monoxide poisoning ?
Several days are needed to recuperate from a carbon monoxide poisoning.
Question 129-36 : How is oxygen mainly transported in the blood ?
Haemoglobin in the red blood cells.
Question 129-37 : Which gas most readily combines with haemoglobin ?
Carbon monoxide.
Question 129-38 : Which of the following is true concerning carbon monoxide ?
It is to be found in the smoke of cigarettes lifting up a smoker's physiological altitude.
The physiological altitude is the altitude feels by the body..example just 3 cigarettes smoked at sea level will raise the physiological altitude to 8000 feet. because the carbon monoxide in the cigarette smoke is absorbed by the haemoglobin, its oxygen absorbing qualities are reduced to about the same degree as they would be reduced by the decrease in atmospheric pressure at 8000 feet above sea level.
Question 129-39 : An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood leads to ?
An increased respiratory rate.
An increase of carbon dioxide in the blood leads to a decrease in blood ph. the drop in blood ph is detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery. these receptors send nerve impulses to the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata in the brain, which then stimulates increased breathing. increased breathing helps remove carbon dioxide from the blood, returning blood ph to normal levels.
Question 129-40 : In the alveoli gas exchange takes place external respiration. which gas will diffuse from the blood into the lungs ?
Carbon dioxide.
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