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Question 133-1 : It is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold. the reason for this is ? [ Revision flight ]

The tissue around the nasal end of the eustachian tube is likely to be swollen thus causing difficulty in equalising the pressure within the middle ear and the nasal/throat area. pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents.

exemple 233 The tissue around the nasal end of the eustachian tube is likely to be swollen thus causing difficulty in equalising the pressure within the middle ear and the nasal/throat area. pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents.

Question 133-2 : Incapacitation is most dangerous when it is ?

Insidious.

.insidious incapacitation is considered to be the most dangerous form of incapacitation as it sneaks up on you. if you had an explosive decompression the onset of hypoxia and accompanying incapacitation would be very obvious and therefore, hopefully something would be done about it..however if there was a slow decompression it is possible that things could go unnoticed with a resulting insidious onset of hypoxia/incapacitation and no action would be taken. exemple 237 Insidious.

Question 133-3 : Concerning circadian rhythm disruption jet lag , adjustment to destination time.1. takes longer when travelling west rather than travelling east.2. takes longer when travelling east rather than travelling west.3. varies little between individuals.4. varies substantially among individuals.which of ?

2, 4.


Question 133-4 : What seems to be the main role of orthodox sleep ?

It essentially allows for physical recovery.

.non rapid eye movement or nrem is also called orthosleep or orthodoxsleep or slow wave sleep. it is characterized by a slow alpha rhythm and the absence of rem. it is involved in physical recovery..whereas rem sleep is called the paradoxical sleep mixture of alpha and beta rhythms which is involved in mental recuperation. exemple 245 It essentially allows for physical recovery.

Question 133-5 : What are the main effects of a lack of sleep on performance ?

It increases fatigue, reduces concentration and increases the risk of sensory illusions.


Question 133-6 : What is the effect of tiredness on attention ?

It reduces the ability to manage multiple matters.

exemple 253 It reduces the ability to manage multiple matters.

Question 133-7 : Which of the following statements are correct.1 modern aircraft allow for 50 60% relative humidity in the cabin air under any conditions of flight, which is satisfactory for the body.2 thirst is a belated symptom of dehydration.3 dehydration may lead to clinical manifestations such as dizziness ?

2, 3.

exemple 257 2, 3.

Question 133-8 : With regard to central vision, which of the following statements are correct.1 it is due to the functioning of rods.2 it enables details, colours and movement to be seen.3 its very active both during the day and at night.4 it represents a zone where about 150000 cones per mm are located to give ?

2, 4.

Options 1 and 3 are non runners as rods aren't in the central vision area cones are poor at night so choose the answer without them there's only one. exemple 261 2, 4.

Question 133-9 : What is the procedure above 10000 ft altitude when faced with explosive decompression ?

Don an oxygen mask and descend to below 10000 ft.

exemple 265 Don an oxygen mask and descend to below 10000 ft.

Question 133-10 : What is the approximate time of useful consciousness for a seated pilot following a rapid decompression at 35000 ft ?

45 seconds.

Img /com en/com070 169.jpg.. exemple 269 45 seconds.

Question 133-11 : Which is the procedure to be followed when symptoms of decompression sickness occur ?

Descend to the lowest possible level and land as soon as possible.

exemple 273 Descend to the lowest possible level and land as soon as possible.

Question 133-12 : What is decompression sickness ?

A condition resulting from the formation of nitrogen bubbles in bodily tissues and fluids after a cabin pressure loss at high altitude.

exemple 277 A condition resulting from the formation of nitrogen bubbles in bodily tissues and fluids after a cabin pressure loss at high altitude.

Question 133-13 : Noise induced hearing loss nihl is caused by ?

Damage to the sensitive membrane in the cochlea due to overexposure to noise.

exemple 281 Damage to the sensitive membrane in the cochlea due to overexposure to noise.

Question 133-14 : Excessive exposure to noise can damage ?

The sensitive membrane in the cochlea.

exemple 285 The sensitive membrane in the cochlea.

Question 133-15 : The inner ear is able to perceive.1. angular acceleration.2. linear acceleration.3. noise ?

1 and 2 and 3 are correct.

. /com en/com040 324.jpg.the inner ear can be thought of as two organs the semicircular canals which serve as the body's balance organ the inner ear is able to detect acceleration, deceleration, posture and rotation and the cochlea which serves as the body's microphone, converting sound pressure impulses from the outer ear into electrical impulses which are passed on to the brain via the auditory nerve. exemple 289 1 and 2 and 3 are correct.

Question 133-16 : Visual disturbances can be caused by.1. hyperventilation.2. hypoxia.3. hypertension.4. fatigue ?

1, 2 and 4 are correct.

Symptoms of hyperventilation blurred, tunnelling and clouding vision..hypoxic hypoxia symptoms vision is affected early. colour perception is reduced and peripheral vision is gradually lost. the light sensitive cells of the eye are particularly oxygen hungry and a deterioration of night vision can occur at altitudes as low as 5000 ft. tunnel vision develops making it necessary to make larger head movements to scan the instruments and the external environment..fatigue symptoms diminished vision, reduced scan. exemple 293 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

Question 133-17 : Disorientation is more likely to occur when the pilot is..1 flying in imc.2 frequently changing between inside and outside references.3 flying from imc into vmc.4 approaching over still water at night ?

1, 2 and 4 are correct.

Visual references help to rectify disorientation. exemple 297 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

Question 133-18 : Positive linear acceleration when flying in imc instrument meteorological conditions may cause a false sensation of ?

Pitching up.

exemple 301 Pitching up.

Question 133-19 : Linear acceleration when flying straight and level in imc instrumental meteorological conditions may give the illusion of ?

Climbing.

exemple 305 Climbing.

Question 133-20 : Which of the following are the most favourable solutions to manage phases of reduced or low vigilance hypovigilance.1. healthy living.2. use of amphetamines.3. reducing the intensity of the light.4. organising periods of rest during the flight ?

1, 4.

exemple 309 1, 4.

Question 133-21 : During gas exchange, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is ?

Lower than in the blood.

exemple 313 Lower than in the blood.

Question 133-22 : The rate and depth of breathing is primarily regulated by the concentration of ?

Carbon dioxide in the blood.

exemple 317 Carbon dioxide in the blood.

Question 133-23 : A pressurized cabin helps to prevent.1. decompression sickness.2.the problem of expansion of gases in the intestines.3. hypoxia.4. coronary desease ?

1, 2 and 3 are correct.

exemple 321 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

Question 133-24 : Healthy people are usually capable of compensating for a lack of oxygen up to ?

10 000 12 000 feet.

exemple 325 10 000 - 12 000 feet.

Question 133-25 : When flying above 10000 feet hypoxia arises because ?

The partial oxygen pressure is lower than at sea level.

.we are about 75% water, therefore the air in our lungs is always fully saturated with water vapour. this means the air in our lungs is different to the air outside because it contains a much higher proportion of water vapour. this water vapour exerts a partial pressure too, and this competes with the other gases in our lungs. the partial pressure exerted by water vapour in our lungs is 47 mmhg. it is always 47 mmhg, at any altitude, whatever you are breathing in, because it is always fully saturated with water vapour.....the partial pressure of oxygen in our lungs at sea level is 103 mmhg. 150 mmhg from the atmosphere, but take away the constant 47 mmhg from the water vapour and this leaves 103 mmhg. so in our lungs.... sea level partial pressure of oxygen is about 103 mmhg... at 10000 ft this pressure drops to 55 mmhg , but this is enough for normal fit people to get by on... above 10000 ft the oxygen concentration breathed in has to be increased to maintain the oxygen partial pressure at 103 mmhg, ie more oxygen is added to the air mix in the mask... at 33700 ft breathing 100% oxygen still provides a partial pressure of 103 mmhg. just like being at sea level as far as our bodies are concerned... between 33700 ft and 40000 ft the partial pressure of oxygen in your lungs decreases to 55 mmhg. so, although you are now breathing 100% oxygen through a mask, the pressure this oxygen exerts in your lungs is only 55 mmhg. a normal, fit person is still ok, as he is at the equivalent altitude of about 10000 ft but people with heart or lungs problems may start to feel the strain. and many do... above 40000 ft even the 100% oxygen in your mask cannot provide enough pressure to push the molecules into the blood stream. you need positive pressure added to your 100% oxygen to force it across the lung wall.....we are ok up to 10000 ft because haemoglobin has cleverly adapted its behaviour with respect to the absorption and release of oxy it is still able to gobble up oxygen from the lungs and almost fully saturate the blood even at the lower partial pressures experienced at 10000 ft. this allows humans to live at these altitudes. above 10000 ft though, the haemoglobin struggles to absorb sufficient oxy humans living above these altitudes peru etc have other adaptations, but note there are almost no humans who live above about 12000 ft. exemple 329 The partial oxygen pressure is lower than at sea level.

Question 133-26 : Saturation of oxygen in the blood at sea level is approximately 98%. this saturation decreases with.1. decreasing air pressure.2. carbon monoxide poisoning.3. increasing altitude.4. increasing air pressure ?

1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false.

exemple 333 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false.

Question 133-27 : The severity of hypoxia depends on the.1. rate of decompression.2. physical fitness.3. flight level.4. individual tolerance ?

1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

exemple 337 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

Question 133-28 : Which of the following statements concerning hypoxia is correct ?

It is a potential threat to safety.

exemple 341 It is a potential threat to safety.

Question 133-29 : Early symptoms of hypoxia could be..1 euphoria.2 decreased rate and depth of breathing.3 lack of concentration.4 visual disturbances ?

1, 3 and 4 are correct.

The symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue, visual disturbances, lack of concentration, euphoria. exemple 345 1, 3 and 4 are correct.

Question 133-30 : One of the most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia concerning flight safety is ?

Impaired judgement.

exemple 349 Impaired judgement.

Question 133-31 : Which of the following symptoms can indicate hypoxia.1 blue lips and finger nails..2 euphoria..3 flatulence..4 unconsciousness. ?

1, 2 and 4 are correct.

exemple 353 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

Question 133-32 : You are crossing the alps in a non pressurised aircraft at an altitude of 15.000 feet. you do not use the oxygen mask because you feel fine. this is unsafe, because ?

Your judgement could be impaired.

exemple 357 Your judgement could be impaired.

Question 133-33 : During a night flight at 10,000 feet you notice that your visual acuity has decreased. in this case you can increase your acuity by ?

Breathing extra oxygen through the oxygen mask.

exemple 361 Breathing extra oxygen through the oxygen mask.

Question 133-34 : During flight all crew members have one or more of the following symptoms.1. blue lips.2. mental disturbances.3. tingling sensations in arms and/or legs.4. reduction of peripheral vision.which is the possible cause ?

Hypoxia.

exemple 365 Hypoxia.

Question 133-35 : Which measure s will help to compensate for hypoxia.1. descend below 10 000 ft..2. breathe 100% oxy.3. climb to or above 10 000 ft..4. reduce physical activities. ?

1, 2 and 4 are correct.

exemple 369 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

Question 133-36 : Oxygen, combined with haemoglobin in blood is transported by ?

Red blood cells.

exemple 373 Red blood cells.

Question 133-37 : Haemoglobin is ?

In the red blood cells.

exemple 377 In the red blood cells.

Question 133-38 : The following course of action should be taken if gastrointestinal complaints in flight crew occur before to take off..1 take the standard medicines and advise the doctor on returning from the flight.2 assess your own ability to fly, if necessary with the help of a doctor.3 if in doubt about fitness ?

2, 3.

exemple 381 2, 3.

Question 133-39 : Which of the following systems are involved in motion sickness.1 hearing.2 the vestibular system.3 vision.4 the proprioceptive senses seat of the pants sense.5 the gastrointestinal system ?

2, 3, 4, 5.

Motion sickness is an inexpedient, seemingly meaningless reaction to a balance system stimulation. the currently most widely accepted theory of the aetiology of motion sickness has been suggested by reason. semantically, it is contradictory that motion sickness under certain circumstances can be caused by the absence of motion. if a person has been adapted to a motion environment like a ship and returns to a normal non moving environment, he may become sick. mal de débarquement. an experienced pilot flying a simulator easily feels sick due to the lack of.the customary vestibular stimuli in the simulator and may feel embarrassed, when he realises that.a much less experienced pilot, not habituated to the intimate correlation between certain visual and inertial stimuli of flying, does not experience any simulator sickness symptoms at all...motion sickness symptomatology can be described as an avalanche of symptoms, developing at various speeds, culminating in nausea and vomiting. the important initial symptoms are drowsiness the first to yawn is the first to throw up and headache. then hyper salivation, bodily.warmth, cold sweat, paleness and various degrees of mental depression or apathy develop. this is.accompanied by the development of an awareness of the stomach into epigastrial discomfort and retching. at the same time, a feeling of nausea located to the throat develops culminating in.vomiting followed by a return to an earlier step of the symptomatology very often just to realise.that a new development of symptoms is on its way. exemple 385 2, 3, 4, 5.

Question 133-40 : In the absence of external reference points, the sensation that the vehicle in which you sitting is moving when it is in fact the vehicle directly alongside which is moving is called ?

Illusion of relative movement.

exemple 389 Illusion of relative movement.


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