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Question 137-1 : How does the height of the tropopause normally vary with latitude in the northern hemisphere ? [ Revision flight ]

It decreases from south to north

Admin . 491.n the northern hemisphere the tropopause decreases from south to north .in the southern hemisphere it decreases from north to south exemple 237 It decreases from south to north.

Question 137-2 : What approximately is the average height of the tropopause over the equator ?

16 km

. 491.16 km is approximately the average height of the tropopause over the equator

Question 137-3 : In which layer is most of the atmospheric humidity concentrated ?

Troposphere

Admin . 633 exemple 245 Troposphere.

Question 137-4 : Under what condition does pressure altitude have the same value as density altitude ?

At standard temperature

Admin .density altitude is the altitude in the isa at which the current observed density would occur density altitude is only the same as pressure altitude in standard atmosphere conditions .density altitude can be calculated by adjusting the pressure altitude for non standard temperature

Question 137-5 : In the troposphere the decrease of pressure per 100 m increase in height ?

Is smaller at higher levels than at lower levels

Admin .the decrease of 1 hpa/27 ft is only applicable at the lower levels of the troposphere as you go up and air pressure decreases the change of height per 1 hpa increases at msl 1hpa/27ft at fl180 it's 50ft/hpa and at fl390 it's 105ft/hpa .100 m = 328 ft .at mean sea level 328 ft / 27 is equal to a pressure change of 12 2 hpa .a 39000 ft 328 ft / 105 is equal to a pressure change of 3 1 hpa .the decrease of pressure per 100 m 328 ft increase in height is smaller at higher levels than at lower levels exemple 253 Is smaller at higher levels than at lower levels.

Question 137-6 : In a situation with a weak pressure gradient and no thunderstorms around what will the indication of the aneroid altimeter of an aircraft parked on the ground do over a period of about ten minutes ?

Apparently nothing because any changes would be small

exemple 257 Apparently nothing, because any changes would be small.

Question 137-7 : What pressure is defined as qfe ?

The pressure at field elevation

exemple 261 The pressure at field elevation

Question 137-8 : What is the approximate composition of the dry air by volume in the troposphere ?

21% oxygen 78% nitrogen and the rest other gasses

exemple 265 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and the rest other gasses.

Question 137-9 : How does temperature vary with increasing altitude in the icao standard atmosphere below the tropopause ?

Decreases

exemple 269 Decreases

Question 137-10 : What is the boundary layer between troposphere and stratosphere called ?

Tropopause

exemple 273 Tropopause.

Question 137-11 : An outside air temperature of 35°c is measured while cruising at fl 200 what is the temperature deviation from the isa at this level ?

10°c colder than isa

Admin .the temperature lapse rates of the troposphere is mean value 0 65°c/100 m or 2°c/1000 ft .in isa temperature at fl200 should be 15° 2x20 = 25°c .as the current temperature at that level is 35°c you can say that at fl200 it is currently isa 10°c exemple 277 10°c colder than isa.

Question 137-12 : The qnh of an airport at sea level is 983 hpa and the temperature deviation from isa is 15°c below fl 100 what is the true altitude of fl 100 ?

8640 ft

Admin .difference between standard pressure 1013 hpa and qnh 983 hpa is 30 hpa .difference between pressure altitude fl100 = 10000 ft and barometric altitude is 30 hpa x 27 ft = 810 ft .barometric altitude = 10000 810 = 9190 ft .difference between barometric altitude and true altitude is 4 ft per thousand per degree of temperature deviation 4% per 10° deviation = 4 x 15 x 9 19 = 550 ft .true altitude = 9190 550 = 8640 ft exemple 281 8640 ft.

Question 137-13 : What information is required to convert a minimum safe altitude into a lowest usable flight level ?

Lowest value of qnh and the highest negative temperature deviation from isa

Admin .lowest value of qnh the lowest usable flight level is determined by the atmospheric pressure in the area of operation it will give the highest safety margin .highest negative temperature deviation from isa since cold air is denser than warm air when operating in temperatures that are colder than standard our true altitude is lower than the altimeter indication .if we convert a minimum safe altitude into a flight level by choosing the lowest aera qnh value and the highest negative temperature deviation from isa we will be ok at that flight level and better off wherever you go elsewhere in the region exemple 285 Lowest value of qnh and the highest negative temperature deviation from isa.

Question 137-14 : What is the relationship if any between qfe and qnh at an airport situated 50 ft below sea level ?

Qfe is greater than qnh

Admin .the qfe indicates in standard atmosphere the height of the aircraft above the official airport elevation an altimeter set to qfe will therefore read zero when on the ground .qnh is the setting which will give airfield elevation when parked on the airfield .on the airport in order to read the airport elevation of 50 ft on your altimeter you must set qnh if you want to read 0 ft you must set qfe .you have to turn clockwise the adjustment knob qfe will be greater than qnh . 513 exemple 289 Qfe is greater than qnh.

Question 137-15 : You plan a flight over a mountain range at a true altitude of 15000 ft/amsl the air is on an average 15°c colder than isa the pressure at sea level is 1003 hpa what approximate indication should the altimeter setting 1013 2 hpa read ?

16230 ft

Admin .the following rules shall be considered for altimetry calculations . the value for the barometric lapse rate near mean sea level is 27 ft 8 m per 1 hpa . to determine the true altitude/height the following rule of thumb called the '4% rule' shall be used the altitude/height changes by 4% for each 10°c temperature deviation from isa .1013 1003 = 10 hpa.10 x 27 = 270 ft.15000 ft + 270 ft = 15270 ft your altimeter will over read .altitude/height changes by 4% for each 10°c temperature deviation from isa.temperature correction = 4 x 15 27 x 15.temperature correction = 916 2 ft.approximate indication should the altimeter read 15270 + 916 = 16186 ft .close enough to the result desired .iguano .maybe is not an error but i thought that when its colder than isa you have to subtract the temperature correction . .the question states what approximate indication should the altimeter setting 1013 2 hpa read our altimeter must read a higher altitude than the true altitude we currently want in those conditions cold air and low qnh to be sure to overfly the mountain at actually 15000 ft/amsl exemple 293 16230 ft.

Question 137-16 : During a flight at fl 100 from marseille qnh 1012 hpa to palma de mallorca qnh 1015 hpa an aircraft remains at a constant true altitude the reason for this is that ?

The air at marseille is warmer than that at palma de mallorca

Admin .to be at the same true altitude over the 1012hpa datum marseille the air must be warmer than it is over the 1015hpa pressure datum palma de mallorca exemple 297 The air at marseille is warmer than that at palma de mallorca.

Question 137-17 : An aircraft lands at an airport airport elevation 1240 ft qnh 1008 hpa the altimeter is set to 1013 hpa the altimeter will indicate ?

1375 ft

Admin .you are on the runway with a setting of 1008 hpa your altimeter indicates 1240 ft .if you turn the altimeter setting adjustement knob in a clockwise direction to increase the subscale to 1013 hpa the indicated alitude will increase the needle will turn in the same direction . 514.1013 1008 = 5 hpa.5 hpa x 27 ft/hpa = 135 ft .1240 + 135 = 1375 ft exemple 301 1375 ft.

Question 137-18 : After landing at an aerodrome aerodrome elevation 1715 ft the altimeter indicates an altitude of 1310 ft the altimeter is set to the pressure value of 1013 hpa what is the qnh at this aerodrome ?

1028 hpa

Admin .you are on the runway with a setting of 1013 hpa your altimeter indicates 1310 ft .if you want to read aerodrome elevation you have to turn altimeter setting adjustement knob in a clockwise direction to increase the indicated alitude . 514.1715 1310 = 405 ft.405 ft / 27 ft/hpa = 15 hpa .1013 + 15 = 1028 hpa exemple 305 1028 hpa.

Question 137-19 : You intend to overfly a mountain range the recommended minimum flight altitude is according to the aviation chart 15000 ft/amsl the air mass that you will fly through is on average 15°c warmer than the standard atmosphere the altimeter is set to qnh 1023 hpa at what altimeter reading will you ?

14100 ft

Admin .to determine the true altitude/height the following rule of thumb called the '4% rule' shall be used .the altitude/height changes by 4% for each 10°c temperature deviation from isa .15000 x 4 x 1 5 = 900 ft.you are flying at 15000 + 900 = 15900 ft .thus you can fly 900 ft lower than the stated 15900 ft which will give you an indicated altitude of 14100 ft .the question states the altimeter is set to qnh 1023 hpa we don't change this value we are not going to fly on flight level 1013 hpa exemple 309 14100 ft.

Question 137-20 : You are flying at fl 130 and your true altitude is 12000 ft what is the temperature deviation from that of the standard atmosphere at fl 130 qnh 1013 2 hpa ?

Isa 20°c

Admin .to determine the true altitude/height the following rule of thumb called the '4% rule' shall be used .the altitude/height changes by 4% for each 10°c temperature deviation from isa .4 x 13 x temperature deviation = 1000 ft.temperature deviation = 1000 ft / 4 x 13 = 19 2°c.true altitude is lower than pressure altitude so this is 'minus' 20°c exemple 313 Isa -20°c.

Question 137-21 : Which one of the following statements applies to the tropopause ?

It separates the troposphere from the stratosphere

Admin .the tropopause is a boundary with no finite thickness the tropopause is the region of the atmosphere where the environmental lapse rate changes from positive as it behaves in the troposphere to the stratospheric negative one following is the exact definition used by the world meteorological organization the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere where an abrupt change in lapse rate usually occurs it is defined as the lowest level at which the lapse rate decreases to 2 °c/km or less provided that the average lapse rate between this level and all higher levels within 2 km does not exceed 2 °c/km exemple 317 It separates the troposphere from the stratosphere

Question 137-22 : The 0° isotherm is forecast to be at fl 50 at what fl would you expect a temperature of 6°c ?

Fl 80

Admin .the temperature lapse rates of the troposphere is mean value 0 65°c/100 m or 2°c/1000 ft .6° / 2° per 1000 ft = 3000 ft .fl50 + 3000 ft = fl80 exemple 321 Fl 80.

Question 137-23 : A vertical spacing of 1000 ft is the standard required separation between two fl under conditions of cold air advection isa 15°c what would the true vertical separation be ?

Less than 1000 ft

Admin . 515.in flight level aircraft are using the same subscale reference 1013 25 hpa .theoretical separation is 1000 ft actual separation is less when air mass is colder than standard exemple 325 Less than 1000 ft.

Question 137-24 : Over paris at what flight level would you expect to find the tropopause according to the map . 269 ?

Fl 300

Admin .tropopause is at fl290 north est and at fl340 south west of paris .we would expect to find the tropopause at fl300 over paris exemple 329 Fl 300.

Question 137-25 : What is the approximate height of the tropopause between munich and helsinki . 271 ?

Fl 340

Admin . 523.the approximate height of the tropopause between munich and helsinki is fl340 .400 on the one hand 300 on the other hand even if the height change is not uniform fl340 remains the only valid answer exemple 333 Fl 340.

Question 137-26 : At what approximate flight level is the tropopause over frankfurt . 276 ?

Fl 330

Admin . 526.you have to interpolate between different heights placing the tropopause at approximately fl 330 over frankfurt exemple 337 Fl 330.

Question 137-27 : The temperature at fl 330 overhead london will be . 278 ?

45°c

Admin .the height of the tropopause over london is fl290 above the tropopause the temperature stays constant close to london t° is around 45°c at fl390 so between fl290 and fl390 no change exemple 341 -45°c.

Question 137-28 : What is the average temperature at fl 160 between oslo and paris . 282 ?

19°c

Admin .this chart is given for fl180 .at fl180 between oslo and paris average temperature is . 25 + 24 + 23 + 21 + 21 /5 = 114 / 5 = around 23°c .average temperature at fl160 is 4° warmer 2° per 1000ft = 19°c exemple 345 -19°c.

Question 137-29 : What is the temperature deviation in degrees celsius from the icao standard atmosphere overhead frankfurt . 283 ?

Isa 13°c

Admin .at fl180 in a standard atmosphere temperature is .15° 2° x 18 = 21ºc.on the chart overhead frankfurt temperature at fl180 is 34°c.temperature deviation is 34° + 21° = 13°c .we can say that temperature overhead frankfurt at fl180 is colder than icao standard atmosphere exemple 349 Isa -13°c

Question 137-30 : What oat would you expect at fl 200 over geneva . 289 ?

24°c

Admin .this chart is given for fl180 .at fl180 average temperature is . 20 + 21 + 19 + 21 /4 = 81 / 4 = around 20°c .average temperature at fl200 is 4° colder 2° per 1000ft = 24°c exemple 353 -24°c.

Question 137-31 : An altimeter adjusted to 1013 hpa indicates an altitude of 3600 ft should this altimeter be adjusted to the local qnh value of 991 hpa the altitude indicated would be ?

3006 ft

Admin .your altimeter adjusted to 1013 hpa indicates an altitude of 3600 ft .you have to turn altimeter setting adjustement knob in a counter clockwise direction to set 991 hpa in the subscale window the altimeter needle will turn in the same direction counter clockwise . 541.decreasing altimeter setting by 22 hpa 1013 991 .22 hpa x 27 ft/hpa = 594 ft .indicated altitude decreases by 594 ft 3600 594 = 3006 ft exemple 357 3006 ft.

Question 137-32 : In geneva the local qnh is 994 hpa the elevation of geneva is 1411 ft the qfe adjustment in geneva is ?

942 hpa

Admin .the qfe indicates in standard atmosphere the height of the aircraft above the official airport elevation an altimeter set to qfe will therefore read zero when on the ground .qnh is the setting which will give airfield elevation when parked on the airfield .with a subscale setting of 994 hpa on the ground at geneva your altimeter reads 1411 ft .you want to read 0 ft .you must turn anti clockwise the adjustment knob 1 hpa = 27 ft .1411 / 27 = 50 hpa .994 52 = 942 hpa . 531 exemple 361 942 hpa.

Question 137-33 : An aircraft is flying at fl 80 the local qnh is 1000 hpa after the second altimeter has been adjusted to the local qnh the reading will be approximately ?

7650 ft

Admin .your main altimeter remains at 1013 hpa with a reading of 8000 ft the second is set at 1000 hpa you have to turn altimeter setting adjustement knob in a counter clockwise direction the altimeter needle will turn also counter clockwise . 541.decreasing altimeter setting by 13 hpa .13 hpa x 27 ft/hpa = 351 ft .indicated altitude decreases by 351 ft 8000 351 = 7649 ft exemple 365 7650 ft.

Question 137-34 : The barometric compensator of an altimeter is locked on reference 1013 2 hpa the aircraft has to land on a point with an elevation of 290 feet where the qnh is 1023 hpa the reading on the altimeter on the ground will be ?

20 ft

Admin .1023 1013 = 10 hpa .10 hpa x 27 ft/hpa = 270 ft .290 ft 270 ft = 20 ft .imagine if you landed on this airfield with the correct subscale setting 1023 hpa the reading on the altimeter on the ground will be 290 ft now if you set 1013 hpa in the subscale the needles will turn couter clockwise and the altimeter will read 20 ft exemple 369 20 ft.

Question 137-35 : The upper wind and temperature chart of 250 hpa corresponds in a standard atmosphere to about ?

34 000 ft

Admin .there is a few questions in the exam that take information directly from that table below write these down on a sticky and have them on the wall beside you .1013 hpa = msl.850 hpa = fl50.700 hpa = fl100.500 hpa = fl180.300 hpa = fl300.200 hpa = fl390.any others you can interpolate between these and figure it out .the decrease of 1hpa/27 ft is only applicable at the lower levels of the troposphere as you go up and air pressure decreases the change of height per 1 hpa increases at msl 1hpa/27ft at fl180 it's 50ft/hpa and at fl390 it's 105ft/hpa exemple 373 34 000 ft.

Question 137-36 : Going from the equator to the north pole the altitude of the tropopause ?

Decreases and its temperature increases

Admin . 491.height of the tropopause .polar tropopause 8 km 45°c .tropicale tropopause 15 km 75°c .equatorial tropopause 16 km 80°c exemple 377 Decreases and its temperature increases.

Question 137-37 : Atmospheric soundings give the following temperature profile .3000 ft +15°c.6000 ft +8°c.10000 ft +1°c.14000 ft 6°c.18000 ft 14°c.24000 ft 26°c.at which of the following flight levels is the risk for aircraft icing in cloud greatest ?

Fl 150

Admin .greatest icing occurs at temperature between 0°c and 10°c .temperature at fl80 is largely positive at around +4°c there will be no risk of icing .at fl150 temperature is around 8°c severe icing has greatest possibility to occur .temperature above fl160 will be lower than 10°c risk for aircraft icing is possible but with a less intensity than temperature between 0°c and 10°c exemple 381 Fl 150.

Question 137-38 : Half the mass of the atmosphere is found in the first ?

5 km

exemple 385 5 km.

Question 137-39 : The thickness of the troposphere varies with ?

Latitude

Admin .tropopause is the boundary layer between troposphere and stratosphere . 491.16 km is approximately the average thickness of the troposphere over the equator 0° n/s of latitude .at 45° of latitude the thickness is around 12 km .at poles 90° n/s of latitude the thickness is around 8 km .the thickness of the troposphere varies with latitude exemple 389 Latitude.

Question 137-40 : In the lower part of the stratosphere the temperature ?

Is almost constant

Admin . 633 .in the real world in the lower part of the stratosphere the temperature is rising a little with altitude but in isa no exemple 393 Is almost constant.


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