Question 137-1 : Hypoxic hypoxia may be caused by 1 climbing to a high altitude without using additional oxy2 malfunction in the oxygen supply system3 loss of cabin pressurization at high altitudewhich of the following lists all the correct answers ? [ Revision flight ]

Question 137-2 : In order to avoid hypoglycaemia ?

Question 137-3 : In the case of changes to circadian rhythms the readjustment to a new time zone ?

Is most rapid when flying westbound.

Question 137-4 : In tropical zones it is recommended that ?

Question 137-5 : Night vision ?

Requires up to 30 minutes to reach its best performance.

Dark adaptation dark adaptation is an independent process during which each eye adjusts from a high luminance setting to a low luminance setting the exact mechanisms are unclear but they are known to include biochemical physical and neuralboth rods and cones contain light sensitive chemicals called photopigments the photopigment in the rods is called rhodopsin there are three different types of cone photopigments that are composed of opsins only slightly different from rhodopsin upon exposure to light photopigments undergo a chemical reaction that converts light energy to electrical activity initiating visual impulses in the retina that are conducted by nerve fibers from the eye to the brain the initial chemical reaction is called light adaptation and in this process the photopigments are decomposed intense light will decompose the photoreceptor pigments rapidly and completely thus reducing retinal sensitivity to dim light regeneration of the photopigments occurs during dark adaptationthe fully dark adapted eye in which photopigment regeneration is complete restores retinal sensitivity to its maximal level rods and cones differ markedly however in their rate of dark adaptation cones attain maximum sensitivity in 5 7 minutes while rods require 30 45 minutes or longer of absolute darkness to attain maximum sensitivity after exposure to bright lightthe cones have a faster rate of photochemical regeneration because they function in greater light than the rods the cones however do not achieve the same level of sensitivity as the rods the rods slowly adapt to dim illumination but eventually achieve a much greater sensitivity than the cones depending on the preadaptation to light dark adaptation is about 80% complete within 30 minutes but it may take hours or even days to acquire total dark adaptation

Question 137-6 : On approach by day in snowy conditions without reference to glideslope information ?

Judgement of height is extremely difficult.

Question 137-7 : The circulation of blood 1 transports oxygen to the body cells2 withdraws waste products from the cells3 conveys nutrients to the cellswhich of the following lists all the correct answers ?

1 2 and 3.

Question 137-8 : The dry atmosphere of the flight deck may cause dehydration which may lead to a reduction in the ability to pay attention to prevent this it is appropriate to ?

Drink sufficient non carbonated liquids.

Question 137-9 : The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood is due to ?

Diffusion.

Fick's law gas diffusion law gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Question 137-10 : The total gas volume of the lung is the sum of 1 tidal volume2 inspiratory reserve volume3 expiratory reserve volume4 residual volumewhich of the following lists the correct combination ?

1 2 3 and 4.

Question 137-11 : To avoid incapacity due to gastro intestinal problems it is recommended that a simple easily digested meal before boarding the aircraft should be accompanied by ?

Non carbonated water.

Question 137-12 : To prevent empty field myopia at higher altitudes ?

It is recommended that a pilot uses short sharp scans or periodically focuses on a distant object such as a wing tip or cloud edge.

Question 137-13 : What human function is most sensitive to lack of oxygen ?

Night vision.

Question 137-14 : Which of the following gases is fundamentally responsible for decompression sickness ?

Nitro.

Decompression sickness results from bubbles formed as dissolved gases come out of solution in tissues due to a drop in ambient pressure the principal gas involved is nitro as nitrogen in air is inhaled it dissolves in the body and reaches equilibrium with the liquid phase tissue and blood the concentration of nitrogen dissolved is proportional to the partial pressure of nitrogen in the inhaled gas henry's law as one descends below the surface these partial pressures increase with depth as one ascends from depth or climbs in altitude the partial pressures of the gases in the breathing mixture decrease if the nitrogen partial pressure in the breathing gas is reduced or eliminated a gradient is established across the alveoli nitrogen is off gassed from the various tissue compartments and may require 12 hours or more to reach equilibrium

Question 137-15 : You suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any decompression sickness symptoms what should you do before flying ?

Seek prompt aeromedical advice.

Question 137-16 : Perceptional illusions are ?

Normal and can be prevented by trusting instrument read out.

Question 137-17 : Ozone in the air of a pressurized cabin can be eliminated by ?

Ozone converters.

Question 137-18 : One of the earliest and most significant features of hypothermia extreme cold is ?

Apathy.

Question 137-19 : Night vision is significantly reduced ie a loss of more than 25% at 15000 ft in which stage of hypoxia ?

Compensatory.

The effects of hypoxia can be categorized into four stages according to altitude it should be borne in mind that there is not exactitude in these stages and there is individual variability1 indifferent stage sea level to 10000 ft in this stage compensatory mechanisms are activated with an increased heart rate respiratory rate and tidal volume there is a decrease in night vision dark adaptation and performance decrement in accomplishing novel tasks the latter of consequence in the event of an emergency requiring initiative and quick action2 compensatory stage 10000 to 15000 ft the compensatory mechanisms become more active and some signs and symptoms may appear according to individual variability drowsiness increased reaction time and slowing of mental processes could affect ability to perform in the cockpit3 disturbance stage 15000 to 20000 ft overt signs and symptoms of hypoxia are manifest with inadequate response of physiological compensatory mechanisms to overcome this physiological stress performance decrement becomes inevitable endangering flight4 critical stage over 20000 ft the central nervous system cns and the cardiovascular system cvs are severely compromised with eventual loss of consciousness and possibly death

Question 137-20 : One of the dangers of extreme cold is that ?

Sleepiness occurs associated with a feeling of contentment or apathy.

Question 137-21 : The cornea and the crystalline lens of the eye ?

Cause the convergence of light rays onto the retina.

Question 137-22 : The following three conditions will decrease your g tolerance ?

Obesity alcohol sleep deprivation.

Question 137-23 : The eye can fully adjust to ?

High levels of illumination in 10 seconds and darkness in 30 minutes.

Question 137-24 : The eustachian tube is the passage way between the ?

Throat and the middle ear.

Question 137-25 : Carbon monoxide co poisoning in flight ?

Presents an extremely dangerous situation as the blood may not be able carry sufficient amounts of oxygen to vital cells and tissues of the body.

Question 137-26 : The damaging effects of noise on the pilot depends on 1 the intensity of the noise2 the frequency of the noise 3 the exposure time to noise 4 proper use of the headset in the cockpitwhich of the following lists all the correct statements ?

1 2 3 and 4.

Question 137-27 : The human circadian rhythm is based on a cycle of about ?

24 hours.

Circadian rhythm is derived from the latin words circa dies meaning approximately a day it may be defined as the changes in human behavior and physiology that occur within a 24 hour periodwithout external stimuli human circadian rhythm has an average period of 242 hoursthere may be some modification of the circadian cycle with food and temperature the most powerful external stimulus for synchronizing circadian rhythm to a 24 hour cyclic is exposure to the light of day and darkness at night

Question 137-28 : The cabin pressure in airline operation is ?

Normally between 6000 to 8000 feet.

Question 137-29 : With hyperventilation caused by high levels of arousal or overstress ?

An increased amount of carbon dioxide is exhaled causing muscular spasms and even unconsciousness.

Question 137-30 : With a heart rate of 72 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 ml the cardiac output is about ?

5 litresmin.

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart ratecardiac output = 70 ml x 72 beats per minutecardiac output = 5040 mlminutes 5 litresmin

Question 137-31 : Why is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying solo ?

Since the first signs of hypoxia are generally hard to detect.

Question 137-32 : The effects of galactic radiation ?

Increases with altitude.

Question 137-33 : The low level of humidity found in a pressurised aircraft cabin ?

Should be compensated for by drinking water before one gets thirsty.

Question 137-34 : The percentage of oxygen in the troposphere in dry air ?

Is independent of altitude.

Question 137-35 : The ossicles the malleus incus and stapes are ?

Located in the middle ear.

Question 137-36 : The organ which metabolises alcohol from the body is the ?

Liver.

Question 137-37 : The normal sleep cycle is approximately every ?

90 minutes.

Question 137-38 : The normal rate of breathing when at rest is ?

12 to 20 cycles a minute.

Respiratory rate breathing rate or respiratory frequency the number of breaths a person takes during one minute it is usually measured at rest while sittingmedical textbooks suggest that normal respiratory rate for adults is only 12 breaths per minute at rest most adults breathe much faster about 15 20 breaths per minute

Question 137-39 : The most dangerous type of incapacitation in flight is one that ?

Develops slowly and gradually insidious .

Question 137-40 : The main reason why it is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold is that ?

Pain and damage to the eardrum can result particularly during fast descents.