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Question 139-1 : What are the main sources of radiation at height ? [ Revision flight ]
Galactic cosmic caused by galactic particles and solar radiation caused by solar flares.
.the term 'cosmic radiation' refers to any radiation that originates in outer space, that is, outside our solar system. it is composed of subatomic particles and 'rays' of energy such as gamma rays and x rays...some of this radiation reaches earth every day, however the earth's atmosphere absorbs much of it before it can reach the ground...another source of electromagnetic radiation is produced by bursts of energy from the sun. these radiation producing events, known as 'solar flares' sun storms occur from time to time rather than continuously...the earth's atmosphere acts as a sort of radiation shield around our planet. at ground level, we benefit most from this shielding effect, but when we fly, we travel to altitudes where the atmosphere is thinner, leaving us more exposed to cosmic radiation...there are three main factors that can affect the amount of exposure to cosmic radiation.altitude the higher we go, the greater the dose.latitude the closer we get to the poles, the greater the dose.duration the longer we stay aloft, the greater the dose..since solar flares also can emit significant amounts of harmful radiation, crews flying during periods of this kind of solar activity may be exposed to additional doses.
Question 139-2 : Up to what altitude is blood oxygen saturation reduction unlikely to affect a pilot's judgement ?
10 000 ft.
Question 139-3 : What can cause spatial disorientation ?
False perception of orientation of the aircraft with respect to spatial references.
.spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight if the brain receives conflicting information and the pilot does not believe the instruments.
Question 139-4 : Trace elements should be obtained through ?
A balanced diet.
Question 139-5 : The vestibular apparatus consists of the ?
Semi circular canals and the otoliths.
.in red, the vestibular apparatus. /com en/com040 703.jpg.semi circular canals include posterior canal, lateral canal and anterior canal...the inner ear contains the vestibular system, which contains the motion and gravity detecting sense organs. this system is located in the temporal bone on each side of the head. each vestibular apparatus consists of two distinct structures the semicircular canals and the vestibule proper, which contain the otolith organs. the vestibular system. both the semicircular canals and the otolith organs sense changes in aircraft attitude. the semicircular canals of the inner ear sense changes in angular acceleration and deceleration.
Question 139-6 : Cataract is caused by ?
A clouding of the lens.
Question 139-7 : Vision of terrain relief e.g. hills, valleys, etc. ?
Is based on binocular vision at short distances and the rules of proportion and perspective for objects that are further away.
Question 139-8 : What is the correct action to counteract vertigo ?
Believe the instruments.
Question 139-9 : When a pilot suffers from hypothermia e.g. after loss of cabin heating his/her demand for oxygen will be ?
Initially increased.
.cold increases the body's demand for oxygen which is required to burn carbohydrates in order to generate heat to keep the body warm.
Question 139-10 : What law s governs the oxygen transfer at the alveoli ?
Gas diffusion laws.
.fick's law gas diffusion law gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Question 139-11 : What is meant by presbycusis ?
Gradual loss of hearing with age.
Question 139-12 : What is hypoxia ?
Any condition where the oxygen concentration of the body is below the limits to meet the needs of the body tissues.
Question 139-13 : What factors can lead to a deterioration in vision.1. hypoxia.2. smoking.3. poor diet, lacking vitamin a.4. exposure to bright lights..which of the following lists all the correct statements ?
1, 2, 3 and 4.
Question 139-14 : What diseases can be associated with contaminated water ?
Typhoid, cholera, dysentery.
Question 139-15 : Medical conditions such as high blood pressure, coronary problems and diabetes are associated with ?
Obesity.
Question 139-16 : Loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens due to ageing occurs in ?
Presbyopia.
Question 139-17 : List the constituent parts of the blood and state their function ?
Red cells carry oxygen, white cells are involved in immunity and platelets coagulate blood.
Question 139-18 : Is it possible to survive depressurized flight at 40 000 feet for more than 10 minutes ?
Yes, provided 100% oxygen is immediately available from masks.
Question 139-19 : Physical exercise in high temperatures tropical climates may ?
Cause painful muscle and abdominal cramps.
.the body's physiological processes will continue to function normally as long as body temperature is maintained within a normal range..maintenance of body temperature depends on the body's ability to dissipate heat..prolonged exposure to extreme heat may result in heat illness.heat cramps are extremely painful muscle spasms that occur most commonly in the calf and abdomen, although any muscle may be involved. the occurrence is related to the excessive.loss of water and electrolytes sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium which are essential elements in muscle contraction. the balance of the concentrations of these elements within the body is upset when there is profuse sweating resulting in losses of large amounts of water and small quantities of these electrolytes, i.e. dehydration. this imbalance will ultimately.cause painful muscle contractions and cramps
Question 139-20 : Inhaling carbon monoxide can be extremely dangerous during flying. which of the following statements is correct ?
Carbon monoxide is odo ess and colo ess.
Question 139-21 : Information received from the senses is lost ?
Within 10 20 seconds unless it is rehearsed and deliberately placed in the long term memory.
Question 139-22 : In flight incapacitation of a pilot is most frequently caused by ?
Acute gastrointestinal disorders.
Question 139-23 : Preventing hypoxia at altitude is achieved by ?
Pressurizing the air inside the aircraft to achieve oxygen saturation in blood of more than 90%.
Question 139-24 : Stimuli must be of a certain strength for the receptors to pick them up. this is called ?
Sensory threshold.
Question 139-25 : By what action could the pressure gradient between the middle and the outer ear be balanced ?
By swallowing.
Question 139-26 : Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight ?
If the brain receives conflicting information and the pilot does not believe the instruments.
.spatial disorientation is a false perception of orientation of the aircraft with respect to spatial references..the procedure recommended to prevent or overcome spatial disorientation is to rely entirely on the indications of the flight instruments.
Question 139-27 : Smoking 3 cigarettes in 1 hour at sea level will ?
Cause a lower degree of hypoxic tolerance.
Question 139-28 : Records of radiation are normally kept for flights above ?
49000 ft.
.when discussing hazards to flight, general crew and passenger health, radiation falls into 2 categories.ionizing and non ionizing radiation..ionization involves the displacement of electrically charged particles electrons from atoms and the breakup of the nuclei of atoms and the resultant production of ions. ionizing radiation also includes alpha rays/particles, beta rays/particles, gamma rays, radon and x rays and is associated with the radiation of ions..cosmic radiation is the collective term for the radiation of high energy subatomic particles from space exploding stars and to a lesser extent, from the sun, and the secondary ionizing radiation produced when the high energy subatomic particles interact with nitrogen, oxygen and other elements of earth's atmosphere...the easa established requirements for operators to educate crewmembers of health risks, to adjust work schedules of those exposed to high levels of radiation and to measure or to sample radiation during flights above 49000 ft.
Question 139-29 : Presbyopia causes a ?
Decrease of accommodation.
Question 139-30 : Presbycusis results in ?
Reduction in the perception of high tones first.
Question 139-31 : Presbycusis causes initial loss of ?
High tones.
Question 139-32 : Pilots should not take antihistamines because they may cause.1. drowsiness and dizziness.2. hypoglycaemia.3. hyperventilation.4. flatulence.which of the following lists all the correct answers ?
Only 1.
Question 139-33 : Resonance of the body parts can result from ?
Vibrations from 1 to 100 hz.
.in examination of the impact of vibration upon the human body, there are several characteristics of the vibration that must betaken into account. direction, rotation, frequency, magnitude, point of entry, and duration are all factors which play a part in determining how vibration is transmitted throughout the body, and hence, how the body changes as a result..direction of vibration is expressed in terms of three linear axes. these axes of vibration are fore and aft x axis , lateral y axis , and vertical z axis. on the human body, the x axis is mapped as being from the back to chest, the y axis is from the right to left side, and the z axis is from foot to head in the standing or recumbent individual, and buttocks to head in the seated individual. there are also three rotational vectors that vibration will follow roll, pitch, and yaw, which correspond to rotation about the x, y, and z axes respectively. rotational vectors are not usually measured in investigations of occupational vibration...frequency is usually expressed in cycles per second in hertz hz. exposure to certain vibration frequencies may have profound effects on specific parts and systems of the body, particularly if the frequency of vibration corresponds to the resonant frequency of that body part or system. in such cases, vibration in that area is likely to be amplified and therefore may have more pronounced effects on that area as compared to other parts of the body. for vibrations transmitted in the z direction e.g., for seated individuals where most vibration may be transmitted from a seat pan to the buttocks , resonance for the abdomen, including the soft organs and respiration occurs at approximately 4 8 hz spinal and upper torso resonances occur at 10 12 hz head and neck resonance occurs at around 30 hz and, the eyeballs are resonant at 60 90 hz. with regard to transmission of vibration throughout the body, in general, the higher the frequency of the vibration, the faster the vibration is attenuated as it moves throughout the body.
Question 139-34 : Flights immediately after scuba diving, using compressed gas, to depths greater than 10 metres ?
Are to be avoided because of the possibility of decompression sickness.
Question 139-35 : Hyperventilation is ?
A normal compensatory physiological reaction to a drop in partial oxygen pressure i.e. when climbing a high mountain.
.hyperventilation reduces the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood to below its normal level because one is expiring more carbon dioxide than being produced in the body, thereby raising the blood's ph value making it more alkaline. this initiates constriction of the blood vessels which supply the brain, and preventing the transport of oxygen and other molecules necessary for the function of the nervous system.
Question 139-36 : How does an increase in altitude affect the haemoglobin oxygen saturation ?
As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation decreases.
Question 139-37 : How can vertigo be prevented in conditions of good visibility ?
By looking at the horizon.
Question 139-38 : How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported throughout the body ?
Circulation.
Question 139-39 : State the conditions which cause the 'black hole effect' and the danger to flight safety ?
The 'black hole effect' can be caused by flying over water at night on the approach to an airfield which can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it is, leading to a low approach being flown.
.a black hole approach illusion can happen during a final approach at night no stars or moonlight over water or unlit terrain to a lighted runway beyond which the horizon is not visible. if the pilot has no peripheral visual cues to be oriented relative to the earth, there may be the illusion of being upright and the runway itself to be tilted and sloping...a particularly hazardous black hole illusion involves approaching a runway under conditions with no lights before the runway and with city lights or rising terrain beyond the runway. these conditions may produce the visual illusion of being too high on final approach, resulting in pitching the aircraft nose down to decrease the perceived approach angle.
Question 139-40 : Having a cold or an infection of the upper respiratory tract you ?
Should not fly because the congestion of the frontal sinuses may cause great pain which can seriously affect your ability to control yourself and the aircraft.
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