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Question 140-1 : Glaucoma is due to ? [ Certification weather ]
Increase in pressure of the liquid within the eye.
Question 140-2 : Galactic radiation is ?
Steady and reasonably predictable.
Question 140-3 : Free running circadian rhythms normally have a cycle of approximately ?
24 hours.
Most totally blind people have circadian rhythms that are 'free running' i.e., that are not synchronized to environmental time cues and that oscillate on a cycle slightly longer than 24 hours...why the easa asks about free running circadian rhythms remains a mystery.for information, this question belongs to the learning objective 040 02 03 02 'body rythm and sleep state the approximate duration of a 'free running' rhythm'...
Question 140-4 : Flying immediately following a dive with scuba diving equipment to a depth greater than 10 metres is not advisable because ?
Can cause decompression sickness even when flying at pressure altitudes below 18 000 ft.
Question 140-5 : Hepatitis 'a' is transmitted through ?
Food or water which has been contaminated.
Question 140-6 : Alcohol degrades ?
Paradoxical sleep.
.alcohol has a significant effect on the sleep cycle and, after more than two or so glasses of wine or beer, alcohol can largely eliminate all of the rem sleep in the first half of the sleep period. this can lead to subsequent alcohol withdrawal effects in the second half of the sleep period which will include sleep fragmentation. ironically therefore, although alcohol is often used to promote relaxation and sleep, it has major disruptive effects on the subsequent rest...there are five phases of sleep. usually when you are sleeping, you begin at stage 1 and go through each stage until reaching rem sleep, and then you begin the cycle again..each complete sleep cycle takes from 90 to 110 minutes. your brain acts differently in each stage of sleep. in some of the stages, your body may make movements, but in others your arms and legs will be immobile...stage 1 sleep is light sleep. you experience a drifting in and out of sleep. you can be easily woken up. your eye movement and body movements slow down. you may experience sudden jerky movement of your legs or other muscles. these are known as hypnic myoclonia or myoclonic jerks...stage 2 around 50 percent of your time sleeping is spent in stage 2 sleep. during this stage, eye movement stops and your brain waves a measure of the activity level of the brain become slower...stage 3 is the first stage of deep sleep. the brain waves are a combination of slow waves, known as delta waves, combined with faster waves. during stage 3 sleep it can be very difficult to wake someone up. if you are woken up during this stage, you may feel groggy and disoriented for several minutes...stage 4 sleep is the second stage of deep sleep. in this stage the brain is making the slow delta waves almost exclusively. in this stage it is also very difficult to wake someone up. both stages of deep sleep are important for feeling refreshed in the morning. if these stages are too short, sleep will not feel satisfying...stage 5 rem rapid eye movement sleep is the sleep stage in which dreaming occurs. when you enter into rem sleep, your breathing becomes fast, irregular and shallow. your eyes will move rapidly and your muscles become immobile. heart rate and blood pressure increase. men may develop erections. about 20 percent of sleep is rem sleep for adults.
Question 140-7 : Among the measures that a pilot should take when in an area where gastro intestinal upsets are endemic is ?
Avoidance of ice in cold drinks.
.acute gastro intestinal upsets may be infective or reactive to certain foods and may pass with minor symptomatic treatment..ice produced from unknown water sources is.a common cause of gastro intestinal upsets..for meats and fruits, cooking will indeed kill most of the bacteria. curries or gassy foods may cause flatulence but that is better than the gastro intestinal upsets..flying should not be undertaken until the applicant has recovered.
Question 140-8 : Among the factors which can cause illusions while taxiing are ?
Relative movement and cockpit height above the ground.
Question 140-9 : Among the factors which affect visual acuity are ?
Hypoxia, age and angular distance from the fovea.
Question 140-10 : Among the factors which affect night vision are ?
Age, cabin altitudes above 5000 ft, smoking and alcohol.
Question 140-11 : A pilot should not fly immediately after donating blood because ?
You have an increased susceptibility to fainting.
.the reason a pilot cannot fly straight after donating blood is due to loss of haemoglobin which will cause a decrease tolerance to hypoxia and with the loss of blood volume also risk of fainting..aircrew are advised that in order to prevent the very slight risk of post transfusion faintness or syncope they should refrain from donating blood or plasma if they are required to fly within twenty four hours.
Question 140-12 : An illusion of obtaining greater height above ground can occur when ?
Suddenly flying over small trees after prolonged flying over tall trees.
Question 140-13 : After a cabin pressure loss at approximately 35000 ft the tuc time of useful consciousness will be approximately ?
30 40 seconds.
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Question 140-14 : Smoking cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood to carry oxygen because ?
Haemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than it has for oxy
Question 140-15 : A pilot, climbing in a non pressurised aircraft and without using supplemental oxygen will pass the critical threshold at approximately ?
20 000 ft.
A pressure altitude of 20000 ft seems to be the critical threshold where the incidence of decompression sickness increases rapidly and the chance to experience decompression sickness symptoms is greater than 50%..with the normal cockpit pressurization schedule, the critical cockpit pressure altitude of 21500 ft will be reached at 48000 ft flight altitude.
Question 140-16 : Tetanus is transmitted through ?
Bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin.
Question 140-17 : Among the factors that increase tolerance to long duration g forces are ?
Bending forward or supine body position and tensing of the abdominal muscles.
. harness does not help.
Question 140-18 : Astigmatism is caused by ?
A mis shapened cornea.
Question 140-19 : By 'long duration acceleration', we mean that it lasts more than ?
1 second.
.long duration acceleration, which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres, imposes forces which last more than 1 second and have a duration of perhaps minutes..the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on the plateau level of the acceleration imposed on the body, as the response to long duration acceleration is due to the effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of the tissues and organs of the body and from alterations in the flow and distribution of blood and body fluids...acceleration describes the change of velocity of an object and is also a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction..an applied acceleration is often referred to in terms of 'g', the ratio of the applied acceleration to the gravitational constant g 9.81 m/s².
Question 140-20 : Below 70000 ft, what gas makes up the major part of the atmosphere ?
Nitro
Question 140-21 : Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose ?
Is caused by differences in pressure between the sinus cavities and the outside air pressure.
Question 140-22 : Barotrauma is caused by an increase or decrease in the volume of the gases contained in the body's cavities. which, in practice, are the most frequent locations of such problems ?
Facial sinuses, middle ear and dental cavities.
Question 140-23 : Autokinesis can give the pilot the impression that ?
A star is another aircraft.
Question 140-24 : At which altitude is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen under pressure after a rapid decompression ?
Approximately 40 000 ft.
Question 140-25 : At rest the cardiac output the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one minute of an adult is approximately ?
5 litres/min.
Question 140-26 : Approximately how long will a blood/alcohol level of 60 mgm/100ml take to return to normal ?
4 hours.
Question 140-27 : Any prolonged exposure to noise in excess of 90 db can result in ?
Noise induced hearing loss.
Question 140-28 : At which altitude may a degradation of night vision occur ?
From approximately 1600 m.
.cones are sensitive to day and rods are used at night..the effect of altitudinal hypoxia on night vision is primarily one of an elevation of the rod and cone threshold. although decreased cone function is clearly demonstrated by the loss of color vision at hypoxic altitudes, the decrement in central va is usually insignificant. however, scotopic night vision at altitude can be significantly reduced. scotopic vision has been reported to decrease by 5% at 3,500 feet, 20% at 10,000 feet, and 35% at 13,000 feet, if supplemental oxygen is not provided. thus, the use of oxygen, even at low pressure altitudes, can be very important at night.
Question 140-29 : If a stop over is more than 24 hours, the correct action is to ?
Move to the new time as soon as possible.
.if a stop over is more than 24 hours, your biological clock will be adapting to the new time zone, thus you must move to the new time as soon as possible.
Question 140-30 : Cholera can be transmitted through ?
Food or water which has been contaminated.
Question 140-31 : Hypoxia is ?
A physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues, leading to mental and muscular disturbances, causing impaired thinking, poor judgement and slow reactions.
Question 140-32 : A pilot may suffer from hypoxia ?
After decompression at high altitude and not using additional oxygen in time.
Question 140-33 : The sleep pattern is closely associated with ?
Body temperature.
Question 140-34 : The risk of spatial disorientation increases when ?
There is contradictory information between the instruments and the vestibular organs.
.spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight if the brain receives conflicting information and the pilot does not believe the instruments..the procedure recommended to prevent or overcome spatial disorientation is to rely entirely on the indications of the flight instruments.
Question 140-35 : Hypoxia can affect night vision ?
At approximately 5000 ft.
.hypoxia can affect night vision at 5000 feet. the effect of altitudinal hypoxia on night vision is primarily one of an elevation of the rod and cone threshold..although decreased cone function is clearly demonstrated by the loss of color vision at hypoxic altitudes, the decrement in central visual acuity is usually insignificant. however, scotopic night vision at altitude can be significantly reduced. scotopic vision has been reported to decrease by 5% at 3500 ft, 20% at 10000 ft, and 35% at 13000 ft, if supplemental oxygen is not provided. thus, the use of oxygen, even at low pressure altitudes, can be very important at night.
Question 140-36 : The primary symptom of decompression sickness/illness is ?
The bends.
.bends is the primary symptom of decompression illness, it consists of pain in the joints.
Question 140-37 : The 'leans' or somatogyral illusion can be caused by ?
Reducing bank following a prolonged turn.
Question 140-38 : A pilot may get the illusion of low altitude on approach although the aircraft is on the correct glidepath ?
When the runway is wider than he is used to.
Question 140-39 : A pilot can prevent hypoxia by ?
Using additional oxygen when flying above 10000 ft.
Question 140-40 : The somatogravic illusion gives the pilot a false impression of ?
Climbing or descending.
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