Question 145-1 : What are the communication qualities of a good briefing a good briefing must 1 contain as much information and be as comprehensive as possible2 be of a standard type so that it can be reused for another flight of the same type3 be short and precise4 be understandable to the other crew member s ? [ Certification weather ]

Question 145-2 : Which of the following statements concerning check list is correct ?

Question 145-3 : Which of the following statements are correct with regard to the design of a check list 1 the longer a check list the more it must be subdivided into logical parts2 the trickiest points must be placed in the middle of the check list3 check lists must be designed in such a way that they can be ?

1 4 and 5 are correct.

Question 145-4 : According to rasmussen's model errors in rule based control mode are of the following type s ?

Errors of technical knowledge.

Rasmussen states that there are skill based rule based and knowledge based errors he then goes on to state that there are 'routine' and 'exceptional' violations or intended deviations from the planan error of technical knowledge means that the operative doesn't have sufficient knowledge to follow the rules

Question 145-5 : According to rasmussen's model errors are of the following type s in skill based behaviour ?

Routine errors.

Rasmussen states that there are skill based rule based and knowledge based errors he then goes on to state that there are 'routine' and 'exceptional' violations or intended deviations from the plan

Question 145-6 : In order to overcome an overload of work during the flight it is necessary to 1 know how to use one's own reserve of resources in order to ease the burden on the crew2 divide up tasks among the crew3 ensure that the long term memory is used as much as possible as short term memory will add to the ?

1 2 and 4 are correct.

To overcome an overload of work during the flight you will have to share some tasks and improve crew coordination you must prioritizes to maintain focus on primary taskslong term memory will add to the stress since unless an item is recalled regularly it becomes more and more difficult to retrieve from the long term memory store

Question 145-7 : The available cognitive resources of the human brain ?

Are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional tasks at the same time.

Question 145-8 : The acquisition of a skill comprises three stages anderson model ?

Cognitive associative and automatic.

Ajdawe anderson model is declarative knowledge compilation and procedural it is similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmesin anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 the declarative stage the learner produces a crude approximation of the skill by using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about the skill performance is slow error prone and working memory load is high because facts about the skill eg the correct sequence of movements must be actively rehearsed stage 2 is characterized by speedup more seamless performance and dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about the skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge is a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition and an action that will be performed if that condition is met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition and proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions and produces speedup and more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur is determined by the capacity of working memory because the conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating the need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization is responsible for the dropout of verbal mediation in the final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination and strengthening are the three learning mechanisms responsible for proceduralization

Question 145-9 : A pilot can be described as being proficient when heshe ?

Has automated a large part of the necessary flight deck routine operations in order to free hisher cognitive resources.

Question 145-10 : With regard to the practice of english which of the following statements is correct ?

All pilots should master it because the aeronautical world needs one common language.

Question 145-11 : What are the main consequences of latent errors they 1 remain undetected in the system for a certain length of time 2 may only manifest themselves under certain conditions 3 are quickly detectable by the front line operator whose mental schemas on the instantaneous situation filter out formal ?

1 2 and 4.

Question 145-12 : Pilot stress reactions ?

Differ from pilot to pilot depending on how a person manages the particular stressors.

Question 145-13 : Which of the following provides the basis of all perceptions ?

The intensity of the stimuli.

Question 145-14 : The effect of experience and repetition on performance ?

Can both be beneficial and negative.

Question 145-15 : Situations particularly vulnerable to 'reversion to an earlier behaviour pattern' are 1 when concentration on a particular task is relaxed2 when situations are characterised by medium workload3 when situations are characterised by stress ?

1 and 3.

Question 145-16 : The most dangerous characteristic of perception is that it ?

Is frequently extremely resistant to correction.

Question 145-17 : Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily to be expected when ?

Stress is high.

Question 145-18 : Which of the following are strategies for resolving conflict 1 seeking arbitration2 actively listening to other people3 abandoning facts so as to move the conversation to a more emotional level4 becoming aware of cultural influences ?

1 2 4.

Question 145-19 : What elements establish synergy within the crew ?

Synergy must be built up from the start of the mission briefing and be maintained until it comes to an end debriefing .

Question 145-20 : Which of the following statements best characterise a synergetic cockpit 1 decisions are taken by the captain but prepared by the crew2 there is little delegating of tasks3 communications are few in number but precise and geared purely to the flight4 fluid consensual boundaries exist in regard ?

1 4.

Crew co ordination is the advantage of teamwork over a collection of highly skilled individuals its prominent benefits are an increase in safety by redundancy to detect and remedy individual errors and an increase in efficiency by the organized use of all existing resources which improves the in flight managementprioritizes and delegateseffectively to maintain focus on primary tasks keeps everyone in the loop by actively communicating and continuously monitors the progress of the flight are the appropriate characteristics of a synergetic cockpitit is important to establish the difference between leadership which is acquired and authority which is assigned an optimal situation exists when the two are combined leadership involves teamwork and the quality of a leader depends on the success of the leader's relationship with the team

Question 145-21 : What may become the main risk of a laissez faire cockpit ?

Inversion of authority.

Question 145-22 : What is characterized by a laissez faire cockpit ?

A passive approach by the captain allows decisions choices and actions by other crew members.

It is important to discuss about the different choices and actions with the crew synergetic cockpit but decisions have to be taken by the captain

Question 145-23 : Which of the following operations are performed more effectively by people than by automatic systems 1 qualitative decision making2 waiting for an infrequent phenomenon3 monitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded4 detections of of unusual conditions smell noise etc ?

1 4.

Question 145-24 : Which of the following operations are performed more effectively by automatic systems than by people 1 waiting for an infrequent phenomenon2 long term controlling of a set value eg holding of trajectory 3 monitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded eg holding of flight path 4 ?

1 2 3.

Question 145-25 : As a result of automation in cockpits ?

Communication and coordination call for an even greater effort on the part of the crew members.

Question 145-26 : Which of the following drawbacks are associated with automation 1 reduced competence in manually controlling the aircraft 2 increased likelihood of slips while programming automatic systems 3 difficulties in adapting to the use of a sidestick 4 general decrease in technical reliability ?

1 2.

Question 145-27 : What are main signs indicating the loss of vigilance 1 decrease in sensory perception2 increase in selective attention3 sensation of muscular heaviness4 decrease in complacencywhich of the following lists all the correct statements ?

1 and 3.

Question 145-28 : Which of the following statements concerning hypovigilance is correct hypovigilance ?

May occur at any moment of the flight.

Question 145-29 : What are the main factors which bring about reduced or low vigilance hypovigilance 1 the monotony of the task2 tiredness and the need for sleep3 a lack of stimulation4 excessive stress ?

1 2 3.

Question 145-30 : Which of the following statements in regard to motivation is correct ?

Extremely high motivation in combination with excessive stress will limit attention management capabilities.

Question 145-31 : Which of the following describes an autocratic cockpit ?

The captain's excessive authority considerably reduces communications and consequently the synergy and cohesion of the crew.

Question 145-32 : What distinguishes status from role ?

While role defines via behaviour the functions that must be performed by individuals status defines the hierarchical position and its recognition by the group.

Question 145-33 : Which of the following elements make up the personality of an individual 1 heredity2 childhood environment3 upbringing4 past experience ?

1 2 3 4.

Question 145-34 : What is synergy in a crew ?

The coordinated action of all members towards a common objective in which collective performance is proving to be more than the sum of the individual performances.

Question 145-35 : Which of the following statements concerning conflicts is correct ?

Conflict management involves the participation of all involved parties in finding an acceptable collective solution.

Question 145-36 : In terms of decision making the intention to become integrated into the team to be recognised as the leader or to avoid conflicts may lead to ?

The attempt to agree on decisions made by other crew members.

Agreeing with the rest of the crew may be easy but is it right crew decision making is most efficient if all crew members adapt their management styles to meet the demands of the situation cohesion within a group is a major advantage in times of difficulty but with too much groupthink can have negative results

Question 145-37 : What strategy should be put in place when faced with an anticipated period of stress ?

A strategy of preparing decisions.

Question 145-38 : Which biases relate to human decision making 1 personal experience tends to alter the perception of the risk of an event occurring2 there is a natural tendency to want to confirm our decision even in the face of facts which contradict it3 the group to which an individual belongs tends to influence ?

1 2 3.

Question 145-39 : Decision making can be influenced by the following factors 1 people tend to conform to opinions expressed by a majority within the group they belong to2 people always keep the future decisions in line with those their superiors have made in the past3 people more easily tend to select data which meet ?

1 3.

Question 145-40 : Decision making is a concept which represents ?

A voluntary and conscious process of selection from among possible solutions for a given problem.