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Question 145-1 : Which of the following statements concerning check list is correct ? [ Certification weather ]

The most important items should be placed at the beginning of a check list since attention is usually focused here.

exemple 245 The most important items should be placed at the beginning of a check list since attention is usually focused here.

Question 145-2 : Which of the following statements are correct with regard to the design of a check list.1 the longer a check list, the more it must be subdivided into logical parts.2 the trickiest points must be placed in the middle of the check list.3 check lists must be designed in such a way that they can be ?

1, 4 and 5 are correct.


Question 145-3 : According to rasmussen's model, errors in rule based control mode are of the following type s ?

Errors of technical knowledge.

.rasmussen states that there are skill based, rule based and knowledge based errors. he then goes on to state that there are 'routine' and 'exceptional' violations or intended deviations from the plan..an error of technical knowledge means that the operative doesn't have sufficient knowledge to follow the rules. exemple 253 Errors of technical knowledge.

Question 145-4 : According to rasmussen's model, errors are of the following type s in skill based behaviour ?

Routine errors.

.rasmussen states that there are skill based, rule based and knowledge based errors. he then goes on to state that there are 'routine' and 'exceptional' violations or intended deviations from the plan. exemple 257 Routine errors.

Question 145-5 : In order to overcome an overload of work during the flight, it is necessary to..1 know how to use one's own reserve of resources in order to ease the burden on the crew.2 divide up tasks among the crew.3 ensure that the long term memory is used as much as possible as short term memory will add to ?

1, 2 and 4 are correct.

To overcome an overload of work during the flight, you will have to share some tasks and improve crew coordination. you must prioritizes to maintain focus on primary tasks..long term memory will add to the stress, since unless an item is recalled regularly, it becomes more and more difficult to retrieve from the long term memory store. exemple 261 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

Question 145-6 : The available cognitive resources of the human brain ?

Are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional tasks at the same time.

exemple 265 Are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional tasks at the same time.

Question 145-7 : The acquisition of a skill comprises three stages anderson model ?

Cognitive, associative and automatic.

Ajdawe.anderson model is declarative, knowledge compilation, and procedural. it is similar to, but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes....in anderson's model, learning occurs in three stages. in stage 1, the declarative stage, the learner produces a crude approximation of the skill by using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about the skill. performance is slow, error prone, and working memory load is high because facts about the skill e.g., the correct sequence of movements must be actively rehearsed. stage 2 is characterized by speedup, more seamless performance, and dropout of verbal mediation. during this phase, declarative facts about the skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation. procedural knowledge is a collection of productions, or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition and an action that will be performed if that condition is met. two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition and proceduralization. composition collapses successive productions into single productions, and produces speedup and more seamless performance. the extent to which composition can occur is determined by the capacity of working memory because the conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory. through proceduralization, declarative facts are instantiated in productions, thereby eliminating the need to represent declarative information in working memory. proceduralization is responsible for the dropout of verbal mediation. in the final phase, tuning, search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective. generalization, discrimination, and strengthening are the three learning mechanisms responsible for proceduralization. exemple 269 Cognitive, associative and automatic.

Question 145-8 : A pilot can be described as being proficient, when he/she ?

Has automated a large part of the necessary flight deck routine operations in order to free his/her cognitive resources.

exemple 273 Has automated a large part of the necessary flight deck routine operations in order to free his/her cognitive resources.

Question 145-9 : With regard to the practice of english, which of the following statements is correct ?

All pilots should master it because the aeronautical world needs one common language.

exemple 277 All pilots should master it because the aeronautical world needs one common language.

Question 145-10 : What are the main consequences of latent errors they. 1 remain undetected in the system for a certain length of time.. 2 may only manifest themselves under certain conditions.. 3 are quickly detectable by the front line operator whose mental schemas on the instantaneous situation filter out formal ?

1, 2 and 4.

exemple 281 1, 2 and 4.

Question 145-11 : Pilot stress reactions ?

Differ from pilot to pilot, depending on how a person manages the particular stressors.

exemple 285 Differ from pilot to pilot, depending on how a person manages the particular stressors.

Question 145-12 : Which of the following provides the basis of all perceptions ?

The intensity of the stimuli.

exemple 289 The intensity of the stimuli.

Question 145-13 : The effect of experience and repetition on performance ?

Can both be beneficial and negative.

exemple 293 Can both be beneficial and negative.

Question 145-14 : Situations particularly vulnerable to 'reversion to an earlier behaviour pattern' are.1. when concentration on a particular task is relaxed.2. when situations are characterised by medium workload.3. when situations are characterised by stress ?

1 and 3.

exemple 297 1 and 3.

Question 145-15 : The most dangerous characteristic of perception is, that it ?

Is frequently extremely resistant to correction.

exemple 301 Is frequently extremely resistant to correction.

Question 145-16 : Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily to be expected when ?

Stress is high.

exemple 305 Stress is high.

Question 145-17 : Which of the following are strategies for resolving conflict.1. seeking arbitration.2. actively listening to other people.3. abandoning facts so as to move the conversation to a more emotional level.4. becoming aware of cultural influences ?

1, 2, 4.

exemple 309 1, 2, 4.

Question 145-18 : What elements establish synergy within the crew ?

Synergy must be built up from the start of the mission briefing and be maintained until it comes to an end debriefing.

exemple 313 Synergy must be built up from the start of the mission (briefing) and be maintained until it comes to an end (debriefing).

Question 145-19 : Which of the following statements best characterise a synergetic cockpit.1 decisions are taken by the captain, but prepared by the crew.2 there is little delegating of tasks.3 communications are few in number but precise and geared purely to the flight.4 fluid, consensual boundaries exist in ?

1, 4.

Crew co ordination is the advantage of teamwork over a collection of highly skilled individuals. its prominent benefits are. an increase in safety by redundancy to detect and remedy individual errors and. an increase in efficiency by the organized use of all existing resources, which improves the in flight management...prioritizes and delegates.effectively to maintain focus on primary tasks, keeps everyone in the loop by actively communicating and continuously monitors the progress of the flight are the appropriate characteristics of a synergetic cockpit..it is important to establish the difference between leadership, which is acquired, and authority, which is assigned. an optimal situation exists when the two are combined. leadership involves teamwork, and the quality of a leader depends on the success of the leader's relationship with the team. exemple 317 1, 4.

Question 145-20 : What may become the main risk of a laissez faire cockpit ?

Inversion of authority.

exemple 321 Inversion of authority.

Question 145-21 : What is characterized by a laissez faire cockpit ?

A passive approach by the captain allows decisions, choices and actions by other crew members.

It is important to discuss about the different choices and actions with the crew synergetic cockpit , but decisions have to be taken by the captain. exemple 325 A passive approach by the captain allows decisions, choices and actions by other crew members.

Question 145-22 : Which of the following operations are performed more effectively by people than by automatic systems.1. qualitative decision making.2. waiting for an infrequent phenomenon.3. monitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded.4. detections of of unusual conditions smell, noise, etc. ?

1, 4.

exemple 329 1, 4.

Question 145-23 : Which of the following operations are performed more effectively by automatic systems than by people.1. waiting for an infrequent phenomenon.2. long term controlling of a set value e.g holding of trajectory.3. monitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded e.g holding of flight path.4. ?

1, 2, 3.

exemple 333 1, 2, 3.

Question 145-24 : As a result of automation in cockpits ?

Communication and coordination call for an even greater effort on the part of the crew members.

exemple 337 Communication and coordination call for an even greater effort on the part of the crew members.

Question 145-25 : Which of the following drawbacks are associated with automation .1. reduced competence in manually controlling the aircraft.2. increased likelihood of slips while programming automatic systems.3. difficulties in adapting to the use of a sidestick.4. general decrease in technical reliability ?

1, 2.

exemple 341 1, 2.

Question 145-26 : What are main signs indicating the loss of vigilance.1. decrease in sensory perception.2. increase in selective attention.3. sensation of muscular heaviness.4. decrease in complacency.which of the following lists all the correct statements ?

1 and 3.

exemple 345 1 and 3.

Question 145-27 : Which of the following statements concerning hypovigilance is correct.hypovigilance ?

May occur at any moment of the flight.

exemple 349 May occur at any moment of the flight.

Question 145-28 : What are the main factors which bring about reduced or low vigilance hypovigilance.1. the monotony of the task.2. tiredness and the need for sleep.3. a lack of stimulation.4. excessive stress ?

1, 2, 3.

exemple 353 1, 2, 3.

Question 145-29 : Which of the following statements in regard to motivation is correct ?

Extremely high motivation in combination with excessive stress will limit attention management capabilities.

exemple 357 Extremely high motivation in combination with excessive stress will limit attention management capabilities.

Question 145-30 : Which of the following describes an autocratic cockpit ?

The captain's excessive authority considerably reduces communications and consequently the synergy and cohesion of the crew.

exemple 361 The captain's excessive authority considerably reduces communications and consequently the synergy and cohesion of the crew.

Question 145-31 : What distinguishes status from role ?

While role defines via behaviour the functions that must be performed by individuals, status defines the hierarchical position and its recognition by the group.

exemple 365 While role defines -via behaviour- the functions that must be performed by individuals, status defines the hierarchical position and its recognition by the group.

Question 145-32 : Which of the following elements make up the personality of an individual.1. heredity.2. childhood environment.3. upbringing.4. past experience ?

1, 2, 3, 4.

exemple 369 1, 2, 3, 4.

Question 145-33 : What is synergy in a crew ?

The coordinated action of all members towards a common objective, in which collective performance is proving to be more than the sum of the individual performances.

exemple 373 The coordinated action of all members towards a common objective, in which collective performance is proving to be more than the sum of the individual performances.

Question 145-34 : Which of the following statements concerning conflicts is correct ?

Conflict management involves the participation of all involved parties in finding an acceptable collective solution.

exemple 377 Conflict management involves the participation of all involved parties in finding an acceptable collective solution.

Question 145-35 : In terms of decision making, the intention to become integrated into the team, to be recognised as the leader or to avoid conflicts may lead to ?

The attempt to agree on decisions made by other crew members.

.agreeing with the rest of the crew may be easy but is it right crew decision making is most efficient if all crew members adapt their management styles to meet the demands of the situation. cohesion within a group is a major advantage in times of difficulty, but with too much, groupthink can have negative results. exemple 381 The attempt to agree on decisions made by other crew members.

Question 145-36 : What strategy should be put in place when faced with an anticipated period of stress ?

A strategy of preparing decisions.

exemple 385 A strategy of preparing decisions.

Question 145-37 : Which biases relate to human decision making.1. personal experience tends to alter the perception of the risk of an event occurring.2. there is a natural tendency to want to confirm our decision even in the face of facts which contradict it.3. the group to which an individual belongs tends to ?

1, 2, 3.

exemple 389 1, 2, 3.

Question 145-38 : Decision making can be influenced by the following factors.1. people tend to conform to opinions expressed by a majority within the group they belong to.2. people always keep the future decisions in line with those their superiors have made in the past.3. people more easily tend to select data which ?

1, 3.

exemple 393 1, 3.

Question 145-39 : Decision making is a concept which represents ?

A voluntary and conscious process of selection, from among possible solutions, for a given problem.

exemple 397 A voluntary and conscious process of selection, from among possible solutions, for a given problem.

Question 145-40 : In problem solving, what determines the transition from rule based activities to a knowledge based activity ?

The unsuitability of the known rules for the problem posed.

exemple 401 The unsuitability of the known rules for the problem posed.


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