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Question 148-1 : What is 'divided attention' ? [ Certification weather ]
The management of several matters of interest dealt with individually one after the other.
Question 148-2 : Internal conflict within oneself is termed as ?
Intra personal conflict.
Question 148-3 : In his/her behaviour, the 'ideal professional pilot' is ?
Both 'person' and 'goal' oriented.
Question 148-4 : Mode error is associated with ?
Automation.
.mode error refers to the omission of a required action or intervention with automation actions. mode errors lead to automation surprises* when the pilot notices that the automation is engaged in activities that were not commanded or, fails to engage in activities.that were thought to be commanded. both mode errors and automation surprises have played a role in recent incidents and accidents and can lead to poor or slow compliance with atc clearances e.g. deviations from assigned altitudes... *an automation surprise is an action that is performed by an automation system and is unexpected by the user. a mode error can be a common cause of an automation surprise. automation surprise can be dangerous when it upsets the situational awareness of a control operator.
Question 148-5 : Phobic states or obsessional disorders will ?
May require successful treatment before flying may be permitted.
Question 148-6 : In the decision making process, confirmation bias results in ?
A tendency to look for information which confirms the validity of the decision.
Question 148-7 : In order to make sound decisions it is important to ?
Understand why and how we make decisions.
Question 148-8 : Stress may cause regression which can lead to ?
Correct actions being forgotten and substituted for procedures learnt in the past.
Question 148-9 : It is generally considered that the most serious non professional stressor is ?
Death of a spouse or partner.
Question 148-10 : Cohesion is a major advantage in times of ?
Difficulty.
.disadvantage of low cohesion or a 'weak cohesion' is an increase in difficulty to accomplish a task..therefore, cohesion is a major advantage in times of difficulty.
Question 148-11 : Select from the following list the advantages of teamwork..1. workload is lessened.2. conformity to group norm.3. flight safety enhanced.4. risky shift.5. work stress is reduced.6. improved decision making ?
1, 3, 5 and 6.
Question 148-12 : Select from the following list environmental stressors.1. heat.2. humidity.3. divorce.4. lack of rest.5. loss of job.6. noise ?
1, 2 and 6.
.physiological stress factors.this category can be broken down into two parts.external physiological factors noise, temperature, vibrations etc , sometimes known as environmental stress..internal physiological factors hunger, fatigue, lack of sleep etc.
Question 148-13 : Motivation is an important attribute which contributes to flight safety. which of the following statements is correct with regards to motivation ?
Excessive motivation leads to stress which adversely affects performance.
Question 148-14 : In decision making, the selection of a solution depends on.1. objective and subjective criteria.2. the objective to be achieved.3. the risks associated with each solution.4. the personality of the decision maker ?
1, 2, 3, 4.
Question 148-15 : Planning ?
Allows crew members to anticipate potential risky situations and decide on possible responses.
Question 148-16 : Physiological stressors include ?
Noise, temperature low or high , humidity, sleep deprivation.
Question 148-17 : Physiological problems due to increasing altitude are caused by ?
Decreased atmospheric pressure.
Question 148-18 : In order to limit stress when flying, a pilot should ?
Maintain his competence by practicing his professional skills and learning from past experiences.
Question 148-19 : Expressed as a simple mathematical statement when considering a crew of two, good synergy is ?
1 + 1 = > 2
Question 148-20 : Having interrupted the captain for a sound reason, the co pilot should ?
Remind him/her of his/her last action before the interruption.
Question 148-21 : How do you understand the statement 'one cannot not communicate' ?
Being silent as well as inactive are nonverbal behaviour patterns which express a meaning.
.quite a lot of communication is carried on below the level of consciousness. you don't have to think about this sort of communication, it just happens automatically. this certainly saves some effort, but it does not always have the effect you might have chosen, if you had had the opportunity to consult yourself about the matter..even when you think you are not sending any messages, that absence of messages is quite evident to any observer, and can itself constitute quite a significant message. not only that, but we usually transmit quite a few non verbal messages unconsciously, even when we think we are not sending any messages at all...this means that, unless you are a hermit, you cannot really avoid communicating. you can, of course, very easily get your communication scrambled often in both directions but that is not much consolation. in other words, you cannot not communicate... but you can not communicate accurately..austrian born psychologist/philosopher, paul watzlawick, explained his interactional communication theories through five axioms..axiom 1 cannot not.'one cannot not communicate.' because every behaviour is a kind of communication, people who are aware of each other are constantly communicating. any perceivable behaviour, including the absence of action, has the potential to be interpreted by other people as having some meaning...axiom 2 content & relationship.'every communication has a content and relationship aspect such that the latter classifies the former and is therefore a meta communication.' each person responds to the content of communication in the context of the relationship between the communicators. the word meta communication is used in various ways and therefore not at all, by me but watzlawick uses it to mean the exchange of information about how to interpret other information...just as the interpretation of the words 'what an idiot you are' could be influenced by the following words 'just kidding', it could also be influenced by the relationship between the communicators. in the example given, the word 'idiot' might be accepted quite happily from a close friend, but convey an entirely different meaning in other circumstances...axiom 3 punctuation.'the nature of a relationship is dependent on the punctuation of the partners' communication procedures.' in many cases, communication involves a veritable maelstrom of messages flying in all directions. this applies especially to the non verbal messages. the 'punctuation' referred to is the process of organising groups of messages into meanings. this is analogous to the punctuation of written language. in either case, the punctuation can sometimes alter the meaning considerably...for example, consider the occurrence of an angry response after an interruption, the latter having followed a suggested course of action. this might be interpreted as anger at the suggested course of action, if the interruption was 'punctuated out' of the sequence, so that the suggestion and the anger were effectively grouped together as a tight sequence. however, if the receiver punctuated the information so that the interruption and the anger formed a tight sequence, it might be interpreted as anger at the interruption...axiom 4 digital & analogic.'human communication involves both digital and analogic modalities.' this one needs a bit of translating the term 'digital', which today usually refers either to numbers, computers or fingers, is used in this axiom to refer to discrete, defined elements of communication. these are usually words, but very specific gestures with generally agreed meanings would also qualify...the term 'analogic' also needs some translation. it is a variant of analogical, the adjective derived from analogy. it therefore refers to a correspondence, in certain respects, between things which are otherwise different. in this case, it describes a type of communication in which the representation to some extent evokes the thing to which it refers. for example, shaking a fist in front of a person's face would evoke the idea of violence...what else needs translating oh yes, 'modalities'. as mentioned in appendix 1, the word 'modality' is used in very many different ways. in this case, i think watzlawick is using modalities in the sense of types or sorts of information transfer...axiom 5 symmetric or complementary.'inter human communication procedures are either symmetric or complementary, depending on whether the relationship of the partners is based on differences or parity.' a 'symmetric' relationship here means one in which the parties involved behave as equals from a power perspective. the chance of airing all the relevant issues should be greater, but it certainly does not guarantee that the communication will be optimal. the parties could simply be equally submissive, or equally domineering. however, communication between equals often does work well...a 'complementary' relationship here means one of unequal power, such as parent child, boss employee or leader follower. this is much more efficient in some situations. for example, the unequal complementary relationship between soldiers and their officers means that soldiers are very likely to obey a surprising order, such as 'get out of the truck and jump in the river ' without delay rather than debating it, perhaps with great interest, but quite possibly at fatal length.
Question 148-22 : Having made an important decision, a commander of an aircraft should ?
Always try to make time to explain the reasons for the decision even if it is after landing.
Question 148-23 : Habits and routine can influence decision making in a way that ?
Shows a tendency to select the most familiar solution first and foremost, sometimes to the detriment of achieving the best possible result.
Question 148-24 : For a normal and healthy person, personality traits are ?
Stable.
Question 148-25 : An authoritative leader of a group will ?
Tend to become over loaded in times of high stress or in an emergency.
Question 148-26 : Among the physiological responses to stress are ?
Sweating, dry mouth and breathing difficulties.
.sweating, dry mouth, breathing difficulties, increased heart rate and fatigue are physiological responses to stress..apprehension, anxiety and fear are psychological responses to stress.
Question 148-27 : Among the external factors that may contribute to an error, cockpit noise and the restriction of the field of view due to windscreen design correspond to ?
Ergonomic factors.
Question 148-28 : Active errors/failures are committed at ?
The human/system interface and have an immediate effect.
Question 148-29 : A pilot using a checklist is an example of the interaction within the shell concept of ?
Liveware and software.
Question 148-30 : A pilot successfully completes a difficult and stressful landing at an aerodrome. the next time a landing is attempted under the same conditions and at the same aerodrome, is the pilot likely to experience ?
A lower level of stress.
.since the pilot has successfully completed this difficult landing, he gains self confidence and the next time, he will be better prepared to face dangers. this will lead to a lower level of stress.
Question 148-31 : Before take off, a briefing ?
Must be done systematically in order to refresh the memory of the crew members and to co ordinate actions.
Question 148-32 : An example of conflict between status and role is ?
A senior captain acting as co pilot to a junior captain of an aircraft.
Question 148-33 : An experienced pilot ?
Prepares thoroughly for a flight and is able to anticipate the majority of possible problems.
Question 148-34 : Approximately..... of all communication is achieved by factors other than words meta communications. ?
Question 148-36 : An unnoticed way point error entered in an aircraft data base is an example of ?
Latent failure/error.
Question 148-37 : An under confident and self effacing co pilot is promoted to captain. it is not uncommon for such a person have a behavioural pattern which is ?
Aggressive if challenged by another member of the crew.
Question 148-38 : An important aspect of situational awareness is ?
When a pilot's perception equals reality.
.situational awareness is a term used to describe a persons awareness of their surroundings, the meaning of these surroundings, a prediction of what these surroundings will mean in the future, and then using this information to act..situational awareness is a key part of the decision making process. it is important for a pilot to have a full idea about what is going on, to make the best decision possible each time.
Question 148-39 : The phases of general adaption syndrome are ?
Alarm, resistance and exhaustion.
Question 148-40 : The 'ideal' cockpit can be termed as ?
Synergistic.
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