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Question 161-1 : A parcel of unsaturated air is forced to rise through an isothermal layer. so long as it remains unsaturated, the temperature of the parcel ? [ Formation assignment ]
Decreases 1°c per 100 m.
. unsaturated air and forced to rise ascending mean dry adiabatic lapse rate , and we know that the environmental lapse rate elr is more than 3°c/1000ft for dry adiabatic lapse rate 1°c par 100 m.
Question 161-2 : Absolute instability in the atmosphere will occur when the environmental lapse rate is ?
Greater than both saturated adiabatic lapse rate and dry adiabatic lapse rate
.if the environmental lapse rate elr is more than 3°c/1000 ft dry adiabatic lapse rate the environment is unstable...if the environmental lapse rate elr is less than 1.8°c/1000 ft saturated adiabatic lapse rate the environment is stable...but..if the environmental lapse rate elr is more than 1.8°c/1000 ft but less than 3°c/1000 ft, we have conditional stability. stable if air is dry unsaturated..or. unstable if air is saturated.
Question 161-3 : For both saturated and unsaturated air instability will occur when the ?
Environmental lapse rate is greater than both dry adiabatic lapse rate and saturated adiabatic lapse rate
.if the environmental lapse rate elr is more than 3°c/1000 ft dry adiabatic lapse rate the environment is unstable...if the environmental lapse rate elr is less than 1.8°c/1000 ft saturated adiabatic lapse rate the environment is stable...but..if the environmental lapse rate elr is more than 1.8°c/1000 ft but less than 3°c/1000 ft, we have conditional stability. stable if air is dry unsaturated..or. unstable if air is saturated.
Question 161-4 : In the lower levels of the atmosphere when the environmental lapse rate is greater than saturated adiabatic lapse rate but less than dry adiabatic lapse rate, the air mass is described as being ?
Conditionally unstable.
.if the environmental lapse rate elr is more than 3°c/1000 ft dry adiabatic lapse rate the environment is unstable...if the environmental lapse rate elr is less than 1.8°c/1000 ft saturated adiabatic lapse rate the environment is stable...but..if the environmental lapse rate elr is more than 1.8°c/1000 ft but less than 3°c/1000 ft, we have conditional stability. stable if air is dry unsaturated..or. unstable if air is saturated.
Question 161-5 : Surface temperature inversions are frequently generated by ?
Terrestrial radiation on a calm clear night.
.the cooling of land after sunset by thermal radiation in calm conditions with clear sky will generate ground inversions.
Question 161-6 : Surface based temperature inversions are common during ?
Cloud free nights in winter when the ground is dry.
.a temperature inversion is a thin layer of the atmosphere where the normal decrease in temperature with height switches to the temperature increasing with height. a long clear winter night will lead to surface temperature inversion radiation inversion between surface up to 500 ft.
Question 161-7 : The maximum vapour pressure over a flat supercooled water surface and the maximum vapour pressure over a flat ice surface of the same temperature are compared..the maximum vapour pressure is ?
Greater over the water surface.
.the maximum vapour pressure is greater over the water surface because it is easier for the flat supercooled liquid water to change state into vapour. the flat ice surface has to sublimate into vapour there will be more molecules of water vapour in the atmosphere over the supercooled water than over the ice, pressure will be greater.
Question 161-8 : The stability in a layer increases by advection of ?
Cold air in the lower part.
.the stability of the atmosphere depends on its ability to resist vertical motion...there are 2 things to have a look at moisture advection and temperature advection...a. moisture advection.since water vapour is lighter than air, moisture decreases air density, causing it to rise. since moist air cools at a slower rate, it is generally less stable than dry air since the moist air must rise higher before its temperature cools to that of the surrounding air. the dry adiabatic lapse rate unsaturated air is 3°c per 1000 feet. the moist adiabatic lapse rate varies from 1.8°c to 3°c per 1000 feet...it's not answer moist air in the lower part...dry air is heavier and will want to sink, therefore dry air aloft decreases stability as less dry air below will tend to rise and replace it...it's not answer dry air in the upper part...b. temperature advection.advecting warm air in the lower parts of the troposphere will make the parcel warmer than its surrounding therefore, it'll keep rising...it's not answer warm air in the lower part...conclusion.the combination of moisture and temperature determine the stability of the air. cool, dry air is very stable and resists vertical movement. the greatest instability occurs when the air is moist and warm, as it is in the tropical regions in the summer...correct answer is cold air in the lower part.
Question 161-9 : The temperature at the surface is given as +15°c and at 4000 ft it is +9°c, the state of this layer is said to be ?
Stable.
.between surface and 4000 ft, the temperature drops by 6°c, or 1.5°c per 1000 ft..if the environmental lapse rate elr is more than 3°c/1000 ft dry adiabatic lapse rate the environment is unstable...if the environmental lapse rate elr is less than 1.8°c/1000 ft saturated adiabatic lapse rate the environment is stable...if the environmental lapse rate elr is more than 1.8°c/1000 ft but less than 3°c/1000 ft, we have conditional stability. stable if air is dry..or. unstable if air is saturated.
Question 161-10 : Which of the following phenomena is least likely to lead to the formation of a cumulonimbus with thunderstorm ?
Ground radiation.
.convection, convergence and orographic lift can all lead to the formation of a cumulonimbus with thunderstorm. ground radiation will dissipate clouds or generate a convective activity, and may sometimes create cumulus clouds.
Question 161-11 : Which of the following sets of conditions are most favourable to the development of thunderstorms ?
Environmental lapse rate greater than saturated adiabatic lapse rate through a great vertical extent, high relative humidity and an initial lifting process
Question 161-12 : Which of the following statements is correct ?
The bergeron findeisen process is mainly based on the difference of maximum vapour pressure over water and over ice of the same temperature.
.the saturation vapour pressure is higher over water than over ice. what that means that you will reach the frost point before you reach the dew point. bergeron showed that in the mid latiudes, because it is cold inside clouds, precipitation is caused mainly by the coalence of water vapour onto ice crystals. it does not explain everything and is just one of the theories of precipitation. if there are no nuclei present, you can raise the relative humidity to 460% before a drop will form spontaneously super saturation.
Question 161-13 : Which of the following statements is true of the dew point of an air mass ?
It can only be equal to, or lower, than the temperature of the air mass.
.the dewpoint temperature is the temperature at which the air can no longer hold all of its water vapor, and some of the water vapor must condense into liquid water. the dew point is always lower than or equal to the air temperature...if the air temperature cools to the dew point, or if the dew point rises to equal the air temperature, then dew, fog or clouds begin to form..at this point where the dew point temperature equals the air temperature, the relative humidity is 100%.
Question 161-14 : Which one of the following can provide the initial lifting leading to air mass thunderstorms ?
Advection of cold air over a warm sea.
.cold air over a warm surface gives convective lifting.
Question 161-15 : Which of the following quantities remains unchanged if unsaturated air is lifted until it reaches the lifting condensation level ?
Mixing ratio.
.if unsaturated air dry adiabatic lapse rate is lifted until it reaches the lifting condensation level, the ratio of water vapour to air by mass called 'mass ratio' or 'mixing ratio' will remained unchanged..the mixing ratio of water vapor in air is used to describe humidity.
Question 161-16 : Which of the following processes will increase the stability of an air mass ?
Cooling by the underlying surface.
Question 161-17 : Which statement is correct for an absolutely unstable atmosphere ?
Visibility is good between showers.
.if the environmental lapse rate elr is more than 3°c/1000 ft dry adiabatic lapse rate , the environment is unstable..stable air will produce stratiform cloud..unstable air mass produces showers under cumulonimbus clouds. outside showers, visibilty is good.
Question 161-18 : Relative humidity ?
Increases if the air is cooled whilst maintaining the vapour pressure constant.
.the air contracts, therefore takes less volume..the water quantity does not change maintaining the vapour pressure constant' thus relative humidity increases.
Question 161-19 : What is true for the water vapour distribution in the layer between the surface and the 500 hpa pressure surface in the tradewind belt ?
The lower part is relatively moist and the upper part is relatively dry.
.500 hpa = fl 180.se trade winds and ne trade winds converge at the itcz intertropical convergence zone , they occur only in the lower part of the troposphere and are more pronounced over the oceans. in the trade winds there is a maximum of humidity as a result of the trade winds long sea passage..in the upper part, the air originates from the sub tropical high pressure belt, is sinking, warming adiabatically. if temperature increases, relative humidity will decrease, the upper part is relatively dry.
Question 161-20 : What is the dry adiabatic lapse rate ?
3.0°c/1000 ft
.the dry adiabatic lapse rate has a constant fixed value of 1°c/100 m 3°c/1000 ft.
Question 161-21 : What is a characteristic of stable air ?
Stratiform clouds.
Question 161-22 : What is a characteristic phenomenon for a stable atmosphere ?
Stratified clouds.
.the words to distinguish between clouds produced by instability and other clouds are stratiform/stratified for clouds forming in a stable layer and convective clouds for clouds developing in an unstable environment. stratiform clouds are basically flat and layered.. stable clouds include cirrostratus, altostratus, nimbostratus and stratus..convective clouds have vertical development and often extend through a significant depth of the troposphere..convective clouds include cumulonimbus, cumulus, cirrus and altocumulus.
Question 161-23 : In an unsaturated layer in the friction layer the air is well mixed by turbulence. the layer remains unsaturated. after some time the vertical temperature profile will ?
Correspond to the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
.if the layer remains unsatured, we have a conditional stability depending on dry or satured air , but mixing the temperature in the turbulence layer will change the vertical temperature profile by increasing the vertical rate of temperature change. it will correspond to the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
Question 161-24 : Good visibility in the lower levels may be expected when ?
Cool dry air is moving over a warmer surface.
.good visibility is associated with unstable air, a cool dry air moving over a warm surface will become unstable.
Question 161-25 : A layer of stratus is most likely to be dispersed by ?
Insolation resulting in the lifting of the condensation level.
Question 161-26 : After a clear night cumuliform clouds are formed in the morning. why can the base of these clouds become higher during the day ?
Because the surface temperature increases.
Question 161-27 : Air masses which are being cooled from below are often characterized by ?
Fog, poor visibility and layered clouds.
Question 161-28 : An inversion is ?
An absolutely stable layer
Question 161-29 : An unstable air mass is forced to ascend a mountain slope. what type of clouds can be expected ?
Clouds with considerable vertical development and associated turbulence.
.unstable air = cumulus.stable air = stratus...this question has been seen at the exam with this wording a conditionally unstable air mass is forced to ascend a mountain slope. what type of clouds can be expected.right answer remains unchanged.
Question 161-30 : 8/8 stratus base 200 ft/agl is observed at sunrise at an aerodrome in the north of france.the qnh is 1028 hpa and there is a variable wind of 3 kt..what change in these clouds is likely at 1200 utc in summer and winter ?
Winter ovc, base 500 ft/agl, summer sct, base 3000 ft/agl.
.winter limited heating during the day will raise the cloud base slightly..summer more heating will raise the cloud base and dissipate some of the cloud..the relatively high pressure 1028 hpa and light winds indicate anticyclonic conditions with stable air.
Question 161-31 : The dewpoint temperature ?
Can be reached by cooling the air whilst keeping pressure constant
Question 161-32 : The amount of water vapour which air can hold largely depends on ?
Air temperature.
.the most commonly used measure of humidity is relative humidity. relative humidity can be simply defined as the amount of water in the air relative to the saturation amount the air can hold at a given temperature multiplied by 100. air with a relative humidity of 50% contains a half of the water vapor it could hold at a particular temperature.. 501. concept of relative humidity...we can say that the amount of water vapour which air can hold largely depends on air temperature.
Question 161-33 : A given mass of air is saturated with water vapour no condensed water...if temperature increases ?
The amount of water vapour remains constant.
Revised ecqb03 july 2016
Question 161-34 : Which of the following changes of state is known as freezing ?
Liquid to solid.
Cqb15 july 2011.
Question 161-35 : Consider a parcel of air which is moved upwards in the surrounding air by an external force..which one of the following situations describes instability the parcel ?
Tends to gain altitude after being released.
Take parcels of air that are initially in equilibrium with their environment. by equilibrium we mean that the temperature density of the air inside a stationary parcel is the same as its environment. now give a parcel of air a push upward for a parcel in contact with the ground, an upward push is the only choice possible, but air parcels aloft may be given a push upward or downward to test their stability. if, after a push upwards, the test parcel returns to its original position, the layer of the atmosphere where the test took place is said to be stable..the atmosphere is unstable when, if a parcel starting at equilibrium is displaced slightly upward relative to its surrounding environment, it finds itself warmer than its environment at its new altitude and therefore continues to rise spontaneously away from its starting point.
Question 161-36 : In which of the following changes of state is latent heat absorbed ?
Liquid to gas.
Easa 2014...latent heat is absorbed when going from liquid to gas, solid to liquid, solid to gas..latent heat is released when going from gas to liquid, liquid to solid, gas to solid.
Question 161-37 : In which of the following changes of state is latent heat released ?
Gas to solid.
Easa 2014...latent heat is absorbed when going from liquid to gas, solid to liquid, solid to gas..latent heat is released when going from gas to liquid, liquid to solid, gas to solid.
Question 161-38 : What is foehn wind ?
It is an adiabatically heated wind blowing down a mountain side. the temperature on the lee side is normally higher than on the windward side of the mountain at the same level.
Question 161-39 : What is 'mixing ratio' ?
The number of grammes of water vapour per kilogramme of dry air.
Question 161-40 : A night in january has been cold and clear. in the forenoon of the next day an airfield is in imc due to fog which extends to a height of 700 ft. a heavily laden aircraft departs and, when breaking through the top of the fog, experiences temporary bumpiness and a sudden decrease in climb rate..mark ?
The aircraft suffers reduced lift and thrust due to a temperature inversion at the top of the fog.
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