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Question 161-1 : Where is a squall line to be expected ? [ Formation assignment ]

In front of an active cold front

Admin .when many individual thunderstorms organize into a nearly continuous line a squall line is born they can be more than 80 nm long and often form 40 to 130 nm ahead of advancing cold fronts racing along squall line thunderstorms blast the ground with torrents of rain and hail driven by winds gusting higher than 50 kt exemple 261 In front of an active cold front.

Question 161-2 : What are squall lines ?

Bands of intensive thunderstorms

Admin .when many individual thunderstorms organize into a nearly continuous line a squall line is born they can be more than 80 nm long and often form 40 to 130 nm ahead of advancing cold fronts racing along squall line thunderstorms blast the ground with torrents of rain and hail driven by winds gusting higher than 50 kt exemple 265 Bands of intensive thunderstorms.

Question 161-3 : In which of these temperature bands is ice most likely to form on the aircraft's surface ?

0°c to 10°c

exemple 269 0°c to -10°c

Question 161-4 : Which of the following statements is true regarding moderate to severe airframe icing ?

It is likely to occur in nimbostratus cloud

Admin .ns nimbostratus produces heavy rain if the rain falls through a cold air mass below the freezing level moderate to severe airframe icing can occur .in clear air you can only have light airframe icing not moderate or severe on the top of a cumulonimbus temperature is too cold .it will not always occurs in altostratus cloud it dépends on the air mass temperature exemple 273 It is likely to occur in nimbostratus cloud.

Question 161-5 : Which of the following statements is true regarding moderate to severe airframe icing ?

It will not occur in clear sky conditions

Admin .ns nimbostratus produces heavy rain if the rain falls through a cold air mass below the freezing level moderate to severe airframe icing is likely to occur .it will not always occurs in altostratus cloud it dépends on the air mass temperature .in clear air you can only have light airframe icing not moderate or severe on the top of a cumulonimbus temperature is too cold exemple 277 It will not occur in clear-sky conditions.

Question 161-6 : Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause airframe icing ?

+fzra

exemple 281 +fzra

Question 161-7 : Rime ice forms through the freezing onto aircraft surfaces of ?

Small supercooled water drops

Admin . clear ice forms on an aircraft by the freezing of large supercooled water drops . rime ice forms through the freezing onto aircraft surfaces of small supercooled water drops exemple 285 Small supercooled water drops.

Question 161-8 : How does a pilot react to heavy freezing rain at 2000 ft/agl when he is unable to deice nor land ?

He turns back before the aircraft loses manoeuvrability

Admin .freezing rain is associated with warm fronts and warm occlusions in a warm front the freezing level is lower than behind in the warm sector and the slope means that freezing rain will be falling on anything underneath .at 2000 ft above ground level descending could be dangerous and you are not sure to reach enough warmer air to deice . 505.remain at the same altitude will give a dangerous build up of ice on the airframe .ascend into cold air means you will not lose the ice and climbing into frontal cloud will give more ice .the best solution is to turn back to get out of this freezing rain quickly exemple 289 He turns back before the aircraft loses manoeuvrability.

Question 161-9 : In which of the following conditions is moderate to severe airframe icing most likely to be encountered ?

In nimbostratus cloud

Admin .airframe icing will not happen in cirrus cloud composed of ice crystals or if the temperature is above 0ºc ns nimbostratus produces heavy rain if the rain falls through a cold air mass below the freezing level moderate to severe airframe icing can occur .in clear air you can only have light icing exemple 293 In nimbostratus cloud.

Question 161-10 : What flying conditions are normally encountered when flying in cirrus clouds ?

Average horizontal visibility more than 1000 m nil icing

exemple 297 Average horizontal visibility more than 1000 m, nil icing.

Question 161-11 : How does freezing rain develop ?

Rain falls through a layer where temperatures are below 0°c

Admin . 505.freezing rain is encountered ahead of a warm front in winter and in summer and sometimes behind a cold front exemple 301 Rain falls through a layer where temperatures are below 0°c.

Question 161-12 : What weather conditions in the region of the alps would you expect with foehn from south ?

Clouds on the southern sides of passes in the alps

Admin . 520.the southerly wind will give a foehn 'from south' clouds on the southern side exemple 305 Clouds, on the southern sides of passes in the alps.

Question 161-13 : Under which conditions would you expect the heaviest clear ice accretion to occur in a cb ?

Between 2°c and 15°c

Arizona .there is another question that states that as water droplets are bigger in cumulus clouds clear ice would appear between 0 to 23 degrees .so why isnt answer 'between 20 and 30' correct . .the question you are talking about is .'ice accretion to the airframe is likely to be most hazardous at temperatures .between 0°c and 23°c in large cu' .explanation for this question the most severe icing is clear ice clear ice will form in stratus between 0ºc and 7ºc but in cumulus the larger droplet size will give clear ice at temperature between 0ºc and 23ºc .since the clear ice accretion can occur at temperatures warmer than 20°c the answer between 2°c and 15°c is the most correct one exemple 309 Between -2°c and -15°c.

Question 161-14 : Clear ice forms on an aircraft by the freezing of ?

Large supercooled water drops

Admin . clear ice forms on an aircraft by the freezing of large supercooled water drops . rime ice forms through the freezing onto aircraft surfaces of small supercooled water drops exemple 313 Large supercooled water drops.

Question 161-15 : What weather conditions would you expect at a squall line ?

Thunderstorms

Admin .when many individual thunderstorms organize into a nearly continuous line a squall line is born they can be more than 80 nm long and often form 40 to 130 nm ahead of advancing cold fronts racing along squall line thunderstorms blast the ground with torrents of rain and hail driven by winds gusting higher than 50 kt exemple 317 Thunderstorms.

Question 161-16 : What is the approximate maximum diameter of a the area affected by damaging winds at the surface caused by a microburst ?

4 km

Admin .a microburst/downburst is a localized area of damaging winds caused by air rapidly flowing down and out of a thunderstorm a microburst occurs when cold air high in a thunderstorm descends and accelerates as the stream of cold air reaches the ground it spreads out and can accelerate even further exemple 321 4 km.

Question 161-17 : In general the visibility during rainfall compared to during drizzle is ?

Greater

Admin . 521.the two forms of liquid precipitation drizzle and rain are classified in a number of ways depending on the size of the drops the visibility associated with the precipitation and the rate at which it falls .drizzle which is defined as drops with diameters less than 0 02 inches falling close together usually falls from stratus clouds the relatively thin stratus clouds have slow upward moving air currents in these conditions cloud droplets have little time to grow before they become too heavy for the air currents to support the drops fall to the ground appearing to float in air currents as seen in the graphic above the intensity of drizzle is based on the visibility at the time the precipitation is falling .rain which is composed of widely separated drops with diameters usually greater than 0 02 inches generally falls from towering cumulus clouds the cumulus clouds with fast upward moving air currents allow cloud droplets to combine and grow raindrops can reach sizes up to 0 25 inches before falling to the ground the intensity of rain is based on the amount that falls in one hour the intensity can also be estimated visually exemple 325 Greater.

Question 161-18 : Which of the following symbols represents a squall line . 264 ?

Symbol 1

Admin .icao annex 3 meteorological service for international air navigation . 547 exemple 329 Symbol 1)

Question 161-19 : Over madrid what intensity of turbulence and icing is forecast at fl 200 . 267 ?

Moderate turbulence moderate icing

Admin .icao annex 3 meteorological service for international air navigation . 547.bkn ovc lyr broken overcast layer.moderate icing from fl100 to fl210 .moderate turbulence from fl100 to fl210 exemple 333 Moderate turbulence, moderate icing.

Question 161-20 : You are flying from munich to amsterdam which of the following flight levels would you choose in order to avoid turbulence and icing . 272 ?

Fl 260

Admin .there is icing from below fl100 xxx up to fl180 turbulence up to fl200 and cat between fl280 and fl390 you must choose a flight level from fl210 to fl270 exemple 337 Fl 260.

Question 161-21 : In what height range and at what intensity could you encounter turbulence in cat area n°2 . 273 ?

From fl 220 to fl 400 moderate

Admin . 524 exemple 341 From fl 220 to fl 400, moderate.

Question 161-22 : At which position is the development of thunderstorms most likely and what is the maximum height of the cb clouds at 00 utc . 275 ?

Position b fl 270

Admin .at position b you can read in the weather bubble with the lightening arrow .isol embd cb from below chart level up to fl 270 .isolated embedded cumulonimbus means probably thunderstorms and the maximum height of the cb clouds is forecast up to fl270 exemple 345 Position b, fl 270.

Question 161-23 : Flight lisbon to bordeaux eta 1800 utc at eta bordeaux what is the lowest quoted visibility forecast .taf lfbd 281400z 281524 26015kt 9999 shra bkn020 tempo 1620 26020g30kt 8000 +shra bkn015cb prob30 tsra = ?

8 km

exemple 349 8 km

Question 161-24 : The lowest visibility forecast at eta zurich 1430 utc is .lszh 261019 20018g30kt 9999 ra sct050 bkn080 tempo 23012kt 6000 dz bkn015 bkn030 becmg 1518 23020g35kt 4000 ra ovc010= ?

6 km

Admin .the lowest visibility forecast will generally be more than 10 km but it could go down to 6 km temporarily between 1000z to 1900z .lszh 26 1019 20018g30kt 9999 ra sct050 bkn080 tempo 23012kt 6000 dz bkn015 bkn030 becmg 1518 23020g35kt 4000 ra ovc010=.after 1500z the visibility will reduce to 4000 m exemple 353 6 km.

Question 161-25 : A microburst phenomenon can arise in the ?

Downdraught of a cumulonimbus at the mature stage

Admin .a microburst/downburst is a localized area of damaging winds caused by air rapidly flowing down and out of a thunderstorm a microburst occurs when cold air high in a thunderstorm descends and accelerates the mature stage as the stream of cold air reaches the ground it spreads out and can accelerate even further exemple 357 Downdraught of a cumulonimbus at the mature stage.

Question 161-26 : All pilots encountering clear air turbulence are requested to report it you experience cat which causes passengers and crew to feel definite strain against their seat belt or shoulders straps unsecured objects are dislodged food service and walking are difficult .this should be reported as ?

Moderate

exemple 361 Moderate.

Question 161-27 : In the weather briefing room during the pre flight phase of a passenger flight from zurich to rome you examine the following weather reports of pressing importance at the time .einn shannon 2808 sigmet 2 valid 0800/1100 loc sev turb fcst einn fir blw fl 050 south of 53n wkn =.limm milano 2809 ?

Because of the expected turbulence you select a flight level below fl 250

Admin .information regarding london and shannon are irrelevant in this case since milano lies more or less on the route zurich rome we are only interested in information included in sigmet for milano which clearly states that moderate to severe clear air turbulence is present from fl250 to fl430 hence flight below fl250 would be desirable exemple 365 Because of the expected turbulence you select a flight level below fl 250.

Question 161-28 : Isolated thunderstorms of a local nature are generally caused by ?

Thermal triggering

Admin .thermal triggering depends on relatively light winds that allow high surface temperature to develop during summer you can expect local isolated thunderstorms arising from thermal triggering mostly in the mid afternoon exemple 369 Thermal triggering.

Question 161-29 : A zone of strong convection currents is encountered during a flight in spite of moderate gust you decide to continue the flight what are your precautionary measures ?

Decrease the speed / try to climb above the zone of convective currents if aircraft performance parameters allow

Admin .by decreasing speed you will reduce the risk to encounter some buffeting with gusts the airflow speed on the wing may locally reach mach 1 exemple 373 Decrease the speed / try to climb above the zone of convective currents if aircraft performance parameters allow.

Question 161-30 : How long does a typical microburst last ?

1 to 5 minutes

Admin .a microburst/downburst is a localized area of damaging winds caused by air rapidly flowing down and out of a thunderstorm a microburst occurs when cold air high in a thunderstorm descends and accelerates the mature stage as the stream of cold air reaches the ground it spreads out and can accelerate even further exemple 377 1 to 5 minutes.

Question 161-31 : What is normally the most effective measure to reduce or avoid cat effects ?

Change of flight level

exemple 381 Change of flight level.

Question 161-32 : On the approach the surface temperature is given as 5°c the freezing level is at 3000 ft/agl at 4000 ft/agl there is a solid cloud layer from which rain is falling .according to the weather briefing the clouds are due to an inversion caused by warm air sliding up and over an inclined front .would ?

Yes between ground level and 3000 ft/agl

exemple 385 Yes, between ground level and 3000 ft/agl.

Question 161-33 : Which of the following conditions are most favourable to the formation of mountain waves ?

Stable air at mountain top altitude and a wind at least 20 knots blowing across the mountain ridge

Admin .standing waves = orographic waves = mountain waves. 433.in addition to a stable layer of air over a substantial mountain range the conditions most favourable to the development of standing waves are wind speed excess of 20 kt at the surface and increasing with height wind direction perpendicular to the general direction of the range exemple 389 Stable air at mountain top altitude and a wind at least 20 knots blowing across the mountain ridge.

Question 161-34 : An aircraft is approaching a cold front from the warm air mass side at fl 270 and experiencing moderate to severe turbulence a jet stream is forecast to be at fl 310 the shortest way to get out of this turbulence is by ?

Descending

.the average width of a jetstream is about 300 km and its thickness is about 12000 ft so you can experience its effects 6000 ft above and below the core the significant weather chart gives the height of the core if the core is given as fl310 then you can experience it up to fl370 and down to fl250 if you are flying at fl270 the quickest way out of it is down exemple 393 Descending.

Question 161-35 : The jetstream and associated clear air turbulence can sometimes be visually identified in flight by ?

Long streaks of cirrus clouds

.cirrus clouds are stretched by the flow of the jetstream exemple 397 Long streaks of cirrus clouds.

Question 161-36 : In addition to a lifting action what are two other requirements necessary for thunderstorm formation ?

Unstable conditions and high moisture content

exemple 401 Unstable conditions and high moisture content

Question 161-37 : If you have to fly through a warm front when freezing level is at 10000 feet in the warm air and at 2000 feet in the cold air at which altitude is the probability of freezing rain the lowest ?

12000 feet

Admin .freezing rain can be encounter anywhere between 2000 ft and 10000 ft exemple 405 12000 feet.

Question 161-38 : From the following taf you can assume that visibility at 2055z in birmingham egbb will be .egbb 261812 28015g25kt 9999 sct025 tempo 1822 29018g35kt 5000 shrasn bkn010cb prob30 tempo 1821 1500 tsgr bkn008cb becmg 2124 26010kt ?

Not less than 1 5 km but could be in excess of 10 km

Admin .the tempo group is used for any conditions in wind visibility weather or sky condition which are expected to last for generally less than an hour at a time occasional and are expected to occur during less than half the time period .thus visibility at 20h55 in birmingham will be not less than 1 5 km between 18h00 and 22h00 it could temporarily deteriorate to 5 km and between 18h00 and 21h00 there is a 30% possibility that it could temporarily deteriorate to 1 5 km .visibility could also be in excess of 10 km 9999 more than half the time period exemple 409 Not less than 1,5 km but could be in excess of 10 km.

Question 161-39 : The presence of ice pellets at the surface is evidence that ?

Freezing rain occurs at a higher altitude

exemple 413 Freezing rain occurs at a higher altitude

Question 161-40 : Continuous updraughts occur in a thunderstorm during the ?

Initial stage

exemple 417 Initial stage.


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