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Question 163-1 : Freezing fog consists of ? [ Formation assignment ]

Supercooled water droplets

exemple 263 Supercooled water droplets.

Question 163-2 : Clear ice is dangerous because it ?

Is heavy and is difficult to remove from the aircraft surfaces

Admin .clear ice large supercooled water droplets spreading travel back during the freezing process and gradually increasing weight and difficult to remove exemple 267 Is heavy and is difficult to remove from the aircraft surfaces.

Question 163-3 : Hoar frost forms on an aircraft as a result of ?

Water vapour turning directly into ice crystals on the aircraft surface

Admin .when the surface temperature is lower than the dew point air in contact with the surface will be saturated since the dew point is below 0°c the water vapour will skip the liquid stage and form ice crystals on the cold surface which is called hoar frost .example of hoar frost . 577.on a cessna aircraft. 578.on an airbus a319 exemple 271 Water vapour turning directly into ice crystals on the aircraft surface

Question 163-4 : On a clear summer day turbulence caused by solar heating is most pronounced ?

During the early afternoon

exemple 275 During the early afternoon

Question 163-5 : Clear ice forms as a result of ?

Supercooled water droplets spreading during the freezing process

exemple 279 Supercooled water droplets spreading during the freezing process.

Question 163-6 : The type of icing that occurs in dense clouds with large supercooled drops that have a temperature of 5°c is most likely to be ?

Clear ice

exemple 283 Clear ice.

Question 163-7 : Below a low level inversion visibility is often ?

Moderate or poor because there is no vertical exchange

exemple 287 Moderate or poor because there is no vertical exchange.

Question 163-8 : Given the following metar .eddm 250850z 33005kt 2000 r26r/p1500n r26l/1500n br sct002 ovc003 05/05 q1025 nosig.which of the following statements is correct ?

Visibility is reduced by water droplets

Admin .icao annex 3 meteorological service .4 3 6 6 recommendation in metar and speci when instrumented systems are used for the assessment of runway visual range the variations in runway visual range during the 10 minute period immediately preceding the observation should be included as follows .if the runway visual range values during the 10 minute period have shown a distinct tendency such that the mean during the first 5 minutes varies by 100 m or more from the mean during the second 5 minutes of the period this should be indicated when the variation of the runway visual range values shows an upward or downward tendency this should be indicated by the abbreviation 'u' or 'd' respectively in circumstances when actual fluctuations during the 10 minute period show no distinct tendency this should be indicated using the abbreviation 'n' when indications of tendency are not available no abbreviations should be included .r26r/p1500 n r26l/1500 n 'n' = rvr has not changed in the last 10 minutes before the report .r26r/ p 1500n rvr on 26r is more than 1500 m .r26l/1500n rvr on 26l is 1500 m .br = mist mist is made up of water droplets exemple 291 Visibility is reduced by water droplets.

Question 163-9 : Flight visibility from the cockpit during approach in a tropical downpour can decrease to minimal ?

Tens of metres

exemple 295 Tens of metres.

Question 163-10 : Which of the following factors have the greatest effect on the formation of the various types of ice on an aircraft ?

Cloud temperature and droplet size

exemple 299 Cloud temperature and droplet size

Question 163-11 : Hoar frost is most likely to form when ?

Taking off from an airfield with a significant ground inversion sky clear

Admin .hoar frost will form in clear air when an aircraft has been parked overnight in sub zero temperatures and will form when an aircraft flies from sub zero temperature air into warm moist air such as in descent or climbing through a temperature inversion layer .example of hoar frost . 577.on a cessna aircraft. 578.on an airbus a319 exemple 303 Taking off from an airfield with a significant ground inversion (sky clear).

Question 163-12 : Two aircraft one with a sharp wing profile s and the other with a thick profile t are flying through the same cloud with same true airspeed the cloud consists of small supercooled droplets .which of the following statements is most correct concerning ice accretion ?

Aircraft s experiences more icing than t

Admin .ice tends to accrete on airfoils in different ways depending on the airfoil the aoa and other aircraft variables a sharp wing profile is a high performance profil with a shallow boundary layer .the boundary layer that surrounds a thick profile is deeper than a sharp wing profile and most of the super cooled droplets that penetrate this layer are centrifuged off again and only a small proportion form ice on the leading edge exemple 307 Aircraft s experiences more icing than t.

Question 163-13 : While descending through a cloud cover at high level a small amount of a white and rough powderlike contamination is detected along the leading edge of the wing this contamination is called ?

Rime ice

Admin .rime ice forms through the freezing onto aircraft surfaces of small supercooled water drops .during the formation of rime ice in flight water droplets freeze rapidly and do not spread out .the question gives a good description of the formation of rime ice clear ice mixed ice and hoar frost would not be confined to the leading edges exemple 311 Rime ice.

Question 163-14 : A small supercooled cloud droplet that collides with an airfoil will most likely ?

Freeze immediately and create rime ice

Admin .rime ice small supercooled water droplets accumulating forward of the direction of the airstream they freeze immediately granular texture .clear ice large supercooled water droplets spreading travel back during the freezing process and gradually increasing weight and difficult to remove exemple 315 Freeze immediately and create rime ice.

Question 163-15 : A flight is to depart from an airport with runways 09 and 27 surface wind is 270/05 .an inversion is reported at 300 feet with turbulence and wind shear the wind just above the inversion is 090/30 .what is the safest departure procedure ?

Depart on runway 09 with a tailwind

Admin .when the tailwind component is no greater than 10 kt for most of commercial aircraft depart with tailwind is allowed .just after the thin inversion layer you will take benefit of the headwind to quickly leave the turbulence area behind and below you exemple 319 Depart on runway 09 with a tailwind.

Question 163-16 : The turbulence which occurs at high flight levels above fl 250 is mainly of the type clear air turbulence in what way can moderate to severe clear air turbulence affect an aircraft the flight and the passengers ?

The turbulence is a small scale one and can cause damage the manoeuvring of the aircraft will be made more difficult or even impossible for the passengers the flight will be unpleasant

Admin .turbulence can occur in clear air particularly near the tropopause clear air turbulence cat is associated with jet streams standing waves air surrounding cumulo nimbus cb cloud upper level troughs and sometimes upper level ridges it is caused by horizontal or vertical windshear and can lead to stalling loss of control and airframe damage exemple 323 The turbulence is a small scale one and can cause damage. the manoeuvring of the aircraft will be made more difficult or even impossible. for the passengers the flight will be unpleasant.

Question 163-17 : Aircraft struck by lightning may sometimes get considerable damage and at least temporarily the manoeuvring of the aircraft will be made more difficult which one of the following statements is correct ?

Aircraft made by composite material may get severe damage the crew may be blinded and temporarily lose the hearing

Admin .lightning regularly strikes airplanes any aircraft whatever the construction may be struck by lightning and can get considerable damage .protection begins with the fact that airliners and the majority of other airplanes are made of aluminium which is a very good electrical conductor a lightning bolt's electricity flows along the airplane's skin and into the air . 581.the boeing 787 aircraft is an aircraft made by composite material it is far more vulnerable to lightning strikes the energy deposited in a typical lightning strike involves tens of kv and 10000 200000 amperes occurring in a fraction of a second without some type of shielding or conductive path conductive material added to the composites the electrically insulated carbon fiber/ epoxy composites can be damaged particularly at the entry and exit points for the strike the aircraft instrumentation can also be damaged in such an event and extra shielding is often necessary for composite aircraft .due to the high intensity of the flash light the crew may be blinded and temporarily lose the hearing due to the impact noise exemple 327 Aircraft made by composite material may get severe damage, the crew may be blinded and temporarily lose the hearing.

Question 163-18 : The most dangerous icing conditions are encountered in ?

Supercooled precipitation

exemple 331 Supercooled precipitation.

Question 163-19 : After a prolonged vmc descent in very cold air you penetrate a humid air mass what type of icing will you encounter ?

Hoar frost

Admin .there is no rain or snow we are only flying through a humid air mass this situation is similar to an aircraft parked outside on a cold winter night which will see hoar frost formed from moist air on the airframe at morning .example of hoar frost . 577.on a cessna aircraft. 578.on an airbus a319 exemple 335 Hoar frost.

Question 163-20 : An aircraft flies into supercooled rain in an area with a temperature below 0°c the type of icing it will most likely encounter is ?

Clear ice

exemple 339 Clear ice.

Question 163-21 : An aircraft flying at fl 45 oat 6°c obtains a reading of 1860 ft on its radio altimeter ground elevation 3090 ft .what is the value of the qnh to the nearest hpa at that point ?

1030 hpa

Admin .3090 + 1860 = 4950 ft .4950 4500 = 450 ft.450 ft / 27ft/hpa = 17 hpa .qnh = 1013 + 17 = 1030 hpa exemple 343 1030 hpa.

Question 163-22 : Assuming that an initial 'trigger' force is present the conditions most likely to result in the formation of thunderstorms are ?

High relative humidity and instability throughout a deep layer

exemple 347 High relative humidity and instability throughout a deep layer.

Question 163-23 : Convective weather phenomena include ?

Thunderstorms hail tornadoes wind gusts heavy showers lightning strikes

exemple 351 Thunderstorms, hail, tornadoes, wind gusts, heavy showers, lightning strikes

Question 163-24 : For a vfr aircraft the conditions in which it could encounter severe airframe icing are ?

Flight into freezing rain resulting in clear ice formation

exemple 355 Flight into freezing rain, resulting in clear ice formation

Question 163-25 : Hazardous hailstones reaching the ground are most likely to be experienced below cb clouds situated ?

In continental interiors in middle latitudes

Admin .hail can be met at any height in the cb since air temperature just above the sea equator and middle latitudes and above the ground near the equator is positive you are less likely to encounter hazardous hailstones below cb clouds .severe skin damage to the airframe can occur when the hail is large damaging hail can occur up to a height of 45000 feet exemple 359 In continental interiors in middle latitudes.

Question 163-26 : Ice accretion to the airframe is likely to be most hazardous at temperatures ?

Between 0°c and 23°c in large cu

Admin .the most severe icing is clear ice clear ice will form in stratus between 0ºc and 7ºc but in cumulus the larger droplet size will give clear ice at temperature between 0ºc and 23ºc exemple 363 Between 0°c and -23°c in large cu.

Question 163-27 : In a mountainous area the most hazardous flying conditions associated with standing waves are likely to be experienced ?

In the vicinity of the 'roll' cloud or rotor zone beneath the first wave on the leeward side

exemple 367 In the vicinity of the 'roll' cloud or rotor zone beneath the first wave on the leeward side

Question 163-28 : In addition to a stable layer of air over a substantial mountain range the conditions most favourable to the development of standing waves are ?

Wind speed excess of 20 kt at the surface and increasing with height wind direction perpendicular to the general direction of the range

Admin .standing waves = orographic waves = mountain waves. 433.in addition to a stable layer of air over a substantial mountain range the conditions most favourable to the development of standing waves are wind speed excess of 20 kt at the surface and increasing with height wind direction perpendicular to the general direction of the range exemple 371 Wind speed excess of 20 kt at the surface and increasing with height, wind direction perpendicular to the general direction of the range.

Question 163-29 : Mountain waves should be expected ?

On the downwind side of the mountain chain

exemple 375 On the downwind side of the mountain chain.

Question 163-30 : The conditions most favourable to the formation of mountain waves are ?

Wind direction approximately at right angles to the mountain range wind speed 30 kt and steadily increasing with height an inversion just above the crest level with less stable air above and below

Admin .the most favourable conditions are a strong wind perpendicular to the mountain increasing with altitude and a layer of stable air with less stable air above and below it exemple 379 Wind direction approximately at right angles to the mountain range - wind speed 30 kt and steadily increasing with height - an inversion just above the crest level with less stable air above and below.

Question 163-31 : The formation of clear ice on the leading edges of an aircraft is most likely to be caused by the ?

Relatively slow freezing of large supercooled water droplets

Admin . clear ice forms on an aircraft by the freezing of large supercooled water drops supercooled water droplets spreading travel back during the freezing process exemple 383 Relatively slow freezing of large supercooled water droplets.

Question 163-32 : Thunderstorms are often preceded by ?

Altocumulus castellanus

Admin .the presence of altocumulus castellanus indicates instability in the middle troposphere exemple 387 Altocumulus castellanus.

Question 163-33 : Thunderstorms reach their greatest intensity during the ?

Mature stage

exemple 391 Mature stage.

Question 163-34 : What intensity and type of airframe icing is most likely to occur when aircraft descend rapidly from fl 320 temperature 45°c to fl 60 in warm moist clear air ?

Light or moderate hoar frost

exemple 395 Light or moderate hoar frost.

Question 163-35 : What intensity and type of airframe icing is most likely to occur when flying at fl 170 in as with the outside air temperature at 20°c ?

Light rime

exemple 399 Light - rime.

Question 163-36 : What is a microburst downburst ?

A concentrated downdraft with high speeds and a lower temperature than the surrounding air

Admin .a microburst/downburst is a localized area of damaging winds caused by air rapidly flowing down and out of a thunderstorm a microburst occurs when cold air high in a thunderstorm descends and accelerates as the stream of cold air reaches the ground it spreads out and can accelerate even further exemple 403 A concentrated downdraft with high speeds and a lower temperature than the surrounding air.

Question 163-37 : What visibility is most likely to be experienced at 1400 utc .eddf 272200z 280624 vrb05kt4000 br sct005 ovc013 becmg 1314 9000 shra ovc015 prob40 tempo 1416 vrb15g25kt 1600 tsra ovc010cb becmg 1618 26010kt bkn030 becmg 2122 cavok ?

9000 metres

exemple 407 9000 metres

Question 163-38 : Which statement is correct concerning a mountain ridge where a marked mountain wave has been reported ?

Ragged altocumulus lenticularis is an indication for the presence of moderate/severe turbulence at the level of these clouds

exemple 411 Ragged altocumulus lenticularis is an indication for the presence of moderate/severe turbulence at the level of these clouds

Question 163-39 : Which thunderstorms move forward the fastest ?

Frontal thunderstorms

exemple 415 Frontal thunderstorms.

Question 163-40 : Which weather chart gives information about icing ?

Significant weather chart

exemple 419 Significant weather chart.


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