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Question 185-1 : Given.position 'a' n60 w020, position 'b' n60 w021, position 'c' n59 w020..what are, respectively, the distances from a to b and from a to c ? [ Question security ]

30 nm and 60 nm.

.at the equator, 1° = 60 nm...from a to b = 1° change of longitude..distance in nm for 1° change of longitude = 1° x 60 nm x cos latitude..distance in nm for 1° change of longitude = 1° x 60 nm x cos60° = 30 nm...from a to c = 1° change of latitude..distance in nm for 1° change of latitude = 1° x 60 nm = 60 nm. exemple 285 30 nm and 60 nm.

Question 185-2 : The coordinates of the heliport at issy les moulineaux are n48°50' e002°16.5'..what are the coordinates of the position directly on the opposite side of the earth ?

S48°50' w177°43.5'.

.on the opposite side of the earth, the latitude will be the same of our position but south..on the opposite side of the earth, the longitude must be west 180° 002°16.5' = 177° 43.5'..if you want to check, use the funny tool tunnel to other side of the earth. exemple 289 S48°50' w177°43.5'.

Question 185-3 : Isogonals are lines of equal ?

Magnetic variation.

. 1425.isogonic lines connect positions that have the same variation..agonic line a line which joins all points where the value of magnetic variation is zero. exemple 293 Magnetic variation.

Question 185-4 : At a specific location, the value of magnetic variation ?

Varies slowly over time.

exemple 297 Varies slowly over time.

Question 185-5 : Parallels of latitude, except the equator, are ?

Rhumb lines.

exemple 301 Rhumb lines.

Question 185-6 : Given.a is n55° 000°.b is n54° e010°.the average true course of the great circle is 100°..the true course of the rhumbline at point a is ?

100°.

.they specificaly state 'the average true course'.. 2479.loxodrome track rhumb line true course between 2 points will be the same as the average great circle track orthodrome between those 2 points. exemple 305 100°.

Question 185-7 : Given.position 'a' is n00° e100°, position 'b' is 240° t , 200 nm from 'a'..what is the position of 'b' ?

S01°40' e097°07'.

.on a bearing of 240°t from a to b it means the b will be south of a south of the equator and to the west of 100°e longitude less than 100°e...only one answer satisfies this. exemple 309 S01°40' e097°07'.

Question 185-8 : The angle between magnetic north and compass north is called ?

Compass deviation.

.learn the composition of this table. 1438 exemple 313 Compass deviation.

Question 185-9 : The north and south magnetic poles are the only positions on the earth's surface where ?

A freely suspended compass needle would stand vertical.

exemple 317 A freely suspended compass needle would stand vertical.

Question 185-10 : Value for the flattening of the earth is 1/298. earth's semi major axis, as measured at the equator, equals 6378.4 km..what is the semi minor axis km of the earth at the axis of the poles ?

6356.9

. 2062.ratio of ellipticity e = a b /a = 1/298..6378.4 6378.4 / 298 = 6356.99 km. exemple 321 6356.9

Question 185-11 : Morning civil twilight begins when ?

The centre of the sun is 6° below the celestial horizon.

.morning civil twilight is the period in the morning from the centre of the sun is 6° below the horizon until the upper limb of the sun appears at the horizon. exemple 325 The centre of the sun is 6° below the celestial horizon.

Question 185-12 : How many small circles can be drawn between any two points on a sphere ?

An unlimited number.

exemple 329 An unlimited number.

Question 185-13 : An aircraft is following the 45°n parallel of latitude. the track followed is a ?

Rhumb line.

exemple 333 Rhumb line.

Question 185-14 : A rhumb line on a direct mercator chart appears as a ?

Straight line.

.on a direct mercator chart, meridians are parallel, equally spaced, vertical straight lines. 2054.rhumb lines or loxodromes are tracks of constant true course. exemple 337 Straight line.

Question 185-15 : A great circle on the earth running from the north pole to the south pole is called ?

A meridian.

exemple 341 A meridian.

Question 185-16 : If you are flying along a parallel of latitude, you are flying ?

A rhumb line track.

exemple 345 A rhumb line track.

Question 185-17 : What is the rhumb line distance between two positions on latitude 60°n, that are separated by 10° of longitude ?

300 nm.

.10° x 60 nm x cos 60 = 300 nm. exemple 349 300 nm.

Question 185-18 : What is the length of one degree of longitude at latitude 60° south ?

30 nm.

.1° = 60 nm on the equator.1° = 60 nm x cos of latitude.1° = 60 nm x cos 60 = 30 nm. exemple 353 30 nm.

Question 185-19 : The initial great circle track from a to b is 080° and the rhumb line track is 083°. what is the initial great circle track from b to a and in which hemisphere are the two positions located ?

266° and in the northern hemisphere.

.we can only be in northern hemisphere if great circle track is smaller than rhumb line track for easterly tracks. 1462.conversion angle is 3° 083° 080° , it is half of convergency, thus convergency is 6°...our great circle track at b will be 086°..initial great circle track from b will be 086°+180° = 266°. exemple 357 266° and in the northern hemisphere.

Question 185-20 : The great circle track measured at a 45°00'n 010°00'w from a to b 45°00'n 019°00'w is approximately ?

273°.

Conversion angle = 1/2 g sin mean latitude.where g = change of longitude = 10°w to 19°w = 9°..1/2 x 9° x sin 45° = 3.18°..we are going west, so rhumb line is 270° and the great circle track at a 270° + 3° = 273°...how to find if we have to add or retract the conversion angle correction . 1462.it's very simple. look at the shape of a great circle track in north and south hemisphere. exemple 361 273°.

Question 185-21 : When the time is 2000 utc, it is ?

1400 lmt at 90° west.

.lmt local mean time..you must check all the answers..0800 lmt at the prime meridian wrong , 20h00 gmt at prime meridian = 20h00 lmt at prime meridian...2400 lmt at 120° west wrong , 120°, 4 minutes per degree, 120 x 4 = 480 minutes 8h..20h00 gmt at prime meridian, going west, so minus 8h, it is 12h00 lmt at 120° west...1200 lmt at 60° east wrong , 60°, 4 minutes per degree, 60 x 4 = 240 minutes 4h..20h00 gmt at prime meridian, going east, so plus 4h, it is 24h00 lmt at 60° east...1400 lmt at 90° west correct , 90°, 4 minutes per degree, 90 x 4 = 360 minute 6h s..20h00 gmt at prime meridian, going west, so minus 6h, it is 14h00 lmt at 90° west. exemple 365 1400 lmt at 90° west.

Question 185-22 : The distance along a meridian between 63°55'n and 13°47's is ?

4662 nm.

.1° of longitude = 1 minute = 60 nm..63°55' + 13°47' = 77°42'...77° x 60 + 42 nm = 4662 nm. exemple 369 4662 nm.

Question 185-23 : In which occasions does the rhumb line track and the great circle track coincide on the surface of the earth ?

On tracks directly north south and on east west tracks along the equator.

exemple 373 On tracks directly north - south and on east - west tracks along the equator.

Question 185-24 : In the northern hemisphere the rhumb line track from position a to b is 230°, the covergency is 6° and the difference in longitude is 10°. what is the initial rhumb line track from b to a ?

050°

The rhumb line track from a to b is 230°, so the rhumb line from b to a is the opposite 050° 230 180....convergency and difference in longitude are useful for great circle calculation only....remember..rhumb lines or loxodromes are tracks of constant true course...great circle is the shortest distance between two points. exemple 377 050°

Question 185-25 : How many degrees has the mean sun moved along the celestial equator in 8 hours and 8 minutes ?

122°.

.the earth moves around the sun at a rate of 4 minutes per degree of longitude 15°/h...8h x 15° = 120°.8 minutes = 2°.120° + 2° = 122°. exemple 381 122°.

Question 185-26 : The great circle bearing of position b from position a in the northern hemisphere is 040°. if the conversion angle is 4°, what is the great circle bearing of a from b ?

228°.

.the reciprocal of 40° is 220° and that is measured at a...for the track from b to a, measured at b.convergency between a and b = 8°.great cricle track at b > great cricle track at a.great cricle track at b = great cricle track at a + convergency.great cricle track at b = 040° + 8°.great cricle track at b = 048°.reciprocal of 048° = 228°. exemple 385 228°.

Question 185-27 : When flying on a westerly great circle track in the southern hemisphere you will ?

Experience an increase in the value of true track.

.it's very simple. first, look at the shape of a great circle track in north and south hemisphere, and at the equator. 2051.now, take an example based on our question. 2049.when flying on a westerly great circle track in the southern hemisphere you will experience an increase in the value of true track. exemple 389 Experience an increase in the value of true track.

Question 185-28 : When the time is 1400 lmt at 90° west, it is ?

1200 lmt at 120° west.

.you must check all the answers..1400 lmt at 90° east wrong , it can not be the same lmt for different longitudes...1000 lmt at 60° west wrong , 30° between 90° west and 60° west, 4 minutes per degree, 30 x 4 = 120 minutes..14h00 at 90°west, going east, so plus 2h, it is 14h00 lmt at 60° west...0600 lmt at the prime meridian wrong , 90° between 90° west and greenwich meridian, 4 minutes per degree, 90 x 4 = 360 minutes..14h00 at 90°west, going east, so plus 6h, at greenwich meridian it is 08h00 lmt...1200 lmt at 120° west correct , 30° between 120° west and 90° west, 4 minutes per degree, 30 x 4 = 120 minutes..14h00 at 90°west, going west, so minus 2h, it is 12h00 lmt at 120° west. exemple 393 1200 lmt at 120° west.

Question 185-29 : Which of the following alternatives is correct when you cross the international date line ?

The date will increase if you are crossing on a westerly heading.

.the aircraft is flying on a westerly heading of 270°. 2042.the international date line idl is an imaginary line on the surface of the earth, that runs from the north to the south pole and demarcates one calendar day from the next. it passes through the middle of the pacific ocean, roughly following the 180° longitude but it deviates to pass around some territories and island groups...the international date line is on the opposite side of the earth to the prime meridian greenwich meridian. the prime meridian helps to define universal time and is the meridian from which all other time zones are calculated. time zones to the east of the prime meridian are in advance of utc up to utc+14 time zones to the west are behind utc to utc 12. exemple 397 The date will increase if you are crossing on a westerly heading.

Question 185-30 : The local hour angle of the mean sun at 1200 lmt is ?

000°.

.in astronomy, the hour angle is one of the coordinates used in the equatorial coordinate system for describing the position of a point on the celestial sphere. the hour angle of a point is the angle between the half plane determined by the earth's axis and the zenith half of the meridian plane and the half plane determined by the earth's axis and the given point. the angle is taken with minus sign if the point is eastward of the meridian plane and with the plus sign if the point is westward of the meridian plane...the hour angle is usually expressed in time units, with 24 hours corresponding to 360 degrees...the hour angle of a point on the earth's surface is the angle through which the earth would turn to bring the meridian of the point directly under the sun. the earth is rotating, so this angular displacement represents time...so in observing the sun from earth, the solar hour angle is an expression of time, expressed in angular measurement, most usually degrees, from the solar noon...at solar noon, at the observer's longitude on earth, the hour angle is 0.000 degrees with the time before solar noon expressed as negative degrees, and the local time after solar noon expressed as positive degrees...the hour angle is the angular displacement of the sun east or west of the local meridian due to rotation of the earth on its axis at 15° per hour with morning being negative and afternoon being positive..for example, at 10 30 am, the hour angle is 22.5° 15° per hour times 1.5 hours before noon. exemple 401 000°.

Question 185-31 : Location a is at 50°n 030°w and location b is at 50°s 030°w. on 27th november it is noted that ?

Sunrise will be later at a than it is at b and sunset will be earlier at a than it is at b.

.in winter, the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. at this time the sun is not directly above us. days will be shorter and nights longer.. /com en/com061 552.jpg..in southern hemisphere this is summer and in northern hemisphere, sunrise will be later and sunset will be earlier. exemple 405 Sunrise will be later at a than it is at b and sunset will be earlier at a than it is at b.

Question 185-32 : An aircraft is flying a great circle track between waypoints number 4 45°00'n 040°00'w and number 5 45°00'n 030°00'w..on arrival over waypoint number 5, compared to the true track at waypoint number 4, the true track has ?

Increased by less than 10°.

.the aircraft is flying a great circle track which is on the pole side of the rhumb line 45°n.. /com en/com061 555.jpg.from 040°w to 030°w, rhumb line is 090°, true track at waypoint number 4 is less than 090°..at 035°w, we are at our highest latitude and at a true track of 090°..our true track to reach waypoint number 5 is now more than 090°, our true track has increased. exemple 409 Increased by less than 10°.

Question 185-33 : Given.variation is 6°w isogonic lines jan 2002..average annual increase 10'..calculate variation in 2005 ?

6.5°w.

.variation 6°w in 2002, increasing 10 minutes per year..2002 to 2005 = 3 years, it is an increase of 30 minutes..6° + 30' = 6°30'w 6.5°w in 2005. exemple 413 6.5°w.

Question 185-34 : Position a = 56°00.0's, 163°57.2'e.position b = 56°00.0's, 171°47.4'w.for the route from a to b the ?

Great circle direction at b is 080.7°.

. /com en/com061 565.jpg..great circle direction at b = 090° conversion angle 1/2 g sin lm..g change of longitude approximatively 24°.lm = mean latitude 56°..great circle direction at b = 090° 1/2 x 24° x sin56°.great circle direction at b = 080°...rhumb line distance from a to b = change of longitude x cos lat.rhumb line distance from a to b = 24 x 60 x cos 56°.rhumb line distance from a to b = 1440 x 0.559 = 805 nm. exemple 417 Great circle direction at b is 080.7°.

Question 185-35 : Position a = 30°00.0'n, 175°23.2'w.position b = 30°00.0'n, 173°48.1'e.for the route from a to b the ?

Rhumb line distance is 578 nm.

. /com en/com061 566.jpg..great circle direction at a = 270° + conversion angle 1/2 g sin lm..great circle direction at b = 270° + conversion angle 1/2 g sin lm..g change of longitude approximatively 11°.lm = mean latitude 30°..conversion angle = 1/2 x 11° x sin30°.conversion angle = 2.75° 3°.great circle direction at a = 270° + 3° = 273°.great circle direction at b = 270° 3° = 267°..rhumb line distance from a to b = change of longitude x cos lat.rhumb line distance from a to b = 11 x 60 x cos 30°.rhumb line distance from a to b = 660 x 0.866 = 572 nm close to 578 nm. exemple 421 Rhumb line distance is 578 nm.

Question 185-36 : The first law of kepler states ?

Planets move in elliptic orbits with the sun in one of the foci.

exemple 425 Planets move in elliptic orbits with the sun in one of the foci.

Question 185-37 : What is meant by 'aphelion' ?

The point of the earth's orbit furthest away from the sun.

. 2477.the aphelion is the point in the orbit of a planet or comet where it is farthest from the sun.

Question 185-38 : Which statement about meridians is correct ?

A meridian and its anti meridian form a complete great circle.

exemple 433 A meridian and its anti-meridian form a complete great circle.

Question 185-39 : A rhumb line from a position 86°n 30°w has an initial track of 085°t is it ?

A spiral to the north pole.

. /com en/com061 664.jpg..when following a rhumb line track, you fly via a spiral to the north or south pole, except for track 000°, 090°, 180° and 270°. exemple 437 A spiral to the north pole.

Question 185-40 : A great circle track crosses the equator at 30°w has an initial track of 035°t. it's highest or lowest north/south point is ?

55°n 060°e.

.a great circle divides earth in two equal hemispheres..the equator is a great circle. meridians of longitude that cross over the north and south poles are also great circles..on this picture, great circles are in black, purple equator and yellow meridians... /com en/com061 611.jpg..our great circle intersects the equator in 030°w with a great circle direction of 035° t his antipodal location on the equator will be 030° w 180° = 150° e...our airplane will reach his highest latitude at halfway 030° w 090° = 060° e...we are climbing on a north track, we are in northen hemisphere, only one answer remains possible.


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