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Question 193-1 : Which aeronautical chart symbol indicates an aeronautical ground light. 2509 ? [ Level reports ]

15.

. 2512 exemple 293 15.

Question 193-2 : Which aeronautical chart symbol indicates a lightship. 2509 ?

16.

. 2512 exemple 297 16.

Question 193-3 : Given.a polar stereographic chart of the northern hemisphere whose grid is aligned with the zero meridian..grid track 344°, longitude 115°00'w, calculate the true course ?

229°.

.let's assume the airplane is at latitude 70°n. 2059.true course = 344° 115° = 229°... ninorr .just remember simple quote. grid track = true track + west longitude or east longitude..so in this case 344 = x + 115.x = 344 115.x = 229. exemple 301 229°.

Question 193-4 : A straight line is drawn on a lamberts conformal conic chart between two positions of different longitude..the angular difference between the initial true track and the final true track of the line is equal to ?

Chart convergency.

.chart convergency means the rate at which meridians drawn on a chart are converging. 2060.if you drawn a line between two positions of different longitude, the angular difference between the initial true track and the final true track is equal to chart convergency. exemple 305 Chart convergency.

Question 193-5 : If the chart scale is 1 500 000, what earth distance would be represented by 7 cm on the chart ?

35 000 m.

.7 cm x 500 000 cm = 3 500 000 cm = 35 000 m or 35 km. exemple 309 35 000 m.

Question 193-6 : What is the constant of the cone for a lambert conic projection whose standard parallels are at 50°n and 70°n ?

0.866

Constant of cone convergency factor the ratio between the top angle of the unfolded cone and 360°, or sine of the parallel of origin...the parallel of origin is about half way between the standard parallels.midway between 50°n and 70°n is 60°n..sin of 60° = 0.866. exemple 313 0.866

Question 193-7 : On a direct mercator projection a particular chart length is measured at 30°n. what earth distance will the same chart length be if measured at 60°n ?

A smaller distance.

exemple 317 A smaller distance.

Question 193-8 : How does the scale vary in a direct mercator chart the scale... ?

Increases with increasing distance from the equator.

. 1753.on earth, 1° of longitude = 60 nm at the equator.at 45°n or s, 1° of longitude = 60 nm x cos45° = 42.5 nm..if you look at a direct mercator chart, the scale between each degrees of longitude remains unchanged even if you are at 30°n, 45°n or 60°n... the scale increases with the secant of latitude. exemple 321 Increases with increasing distance from the equator.

Question 193-9 : How does the chart convergency change with latitude in a lambert conformal projection ?

It is constant and does not change with latitude.

. 2052.meridians are converging at a constant rate regardless of latitude. exemple 325 It is constant and does not change with latitude.

Question 193-10 : How does the convergency of any two meridians on the earth change with varying latitude ?

It changes as sine of latitude.

exemple 329 It changes as sine of latitude.

Question 193-11 : Grid heading is 299°, grid convergency is 55° west and magnetic variation is 90° west. what is the corresponding magnetic heading ?

084°.

.'convergence east, true track least' or 'convergence west, true track best'..grid convergency is 55° west.299° + 55° = 354° true track...'variation east, magnetic least' or 'variation west, magnetic best'..magnetic variation is 90° west.354° + 90° 084° magnetic heading. exemple 333 084°.

Question 193-12 : Where on a direct mercator projection is the chart convergency correct compared to the earth convergency ?

At the equator.

.a cylindrical projection based on the equator is a direct mercator projection.. 2044.chart convergency = earth convergency at the equator..convergency is the angle of inclination between two selected meridians measured at a given latitude and is equal to the difference between the great circle directions measured at each meridian. exemple 337 At the equator.

Question 193-13 : A route a to b is drawn on a polar stereographic chart with the grid aligned with the greenwich meridian. the true track of the straight line at a is 060°. when passing the meridian 100°e, the true track is 090°..the grid track of this route on the chart is ?

350° g.

.the easiest way to solve this exercice is to draw the situation. 2033 exemple 341 350°(g).

Question 193-14 : The standard parallels of a lambert chart are 26°n and 48°n and the stated scale is 1 2 500 000..which statement is correct ?

The scale at 28°n is smaller than the scale at 24°n.

.at 26°n and 48°n, the stated scale is correct 1 cm = 2 500 000 cm..on a lambert chart, the scale contracts between the standard parallels and expands outside, so the scale at 28°n is smaller than the scale at 24°n. exemple 345 The scale at 28°n is smaller than the scale at 24°n.

Question 193-15 : Which statement is correct about the scale of a polar stereographic projection of the northern polar area ?

The scale reaches its minimum value at the north pole.

.on a polar stereographic chart, meridians are straight lines originating from the pole. parallels of latitude are arcs of circles centred at the pole..the scale is correct at the pole, elsewhere it expands as sec² 1/2 co latitude , within 1% from latitudes 90° to 78°, within 3% from latitudes 78° to 70°. exemple 349 The scale reaches its minimum value at the north pole.

Question 193-16 : Which statement is correct about the scale of a lambert projection ?

The scale reaches its minimum value at the parallel of origin.

.the lambert conformal projection is what most of today's aeronautical charts are based on.. 1776.on a lamberts chart, scale is correct at the standard parallels as this is where the paper touches the reduced earth and since the surface of the reduced earth is bulging out from the paper between the standard parallels, it will have to be squashed in order to fit onto the paper. this will then lead to a smaller scale for the area between the standard parallels. exemple 353 The scale reaches its minimum value at the parallel of origin.

Question 193-17 : A route is flown from 80°s, 100°w to 80°s, 140°e. at 180°e/w the grid track gt and true track tt on a polar stereographic chart, whose grid is aligned with the greenwich meridian, are respectively ?

110° g and 290° t.

.draw the situation.. /com en/com061 598.jpg..those questions are not looking your calculation skill but your facility to visualize a situation. exemple 357 110°(g) and 290°(t).

Question 193-18 : A route is flown from 85°s, 100°e to 85°s, 140°w. at 180°e/w the grid track gt and true track tt on a polar stereographic chart, whose grid is aligned with the greenwich meridian, are respectively ?

250° g and 070° t.

.draw the situation.. /com en/com061 599.jpg..those questions are not looking your calculation skill but your facility to visualize a situation. exemple 361 250°(g) and 070°(t).

Question 193-19 : The positions a 30°00'n, 017°30'e and b at longitude 30°00'n, 023°30'e are plotted on a lambert chart with a constant of the cone of 0.5..a and b are connected by a straight line..the true track measured at a is 088.5°..what is the true track measured at b ?

091.5°

.draw the situtation.. /com en/com061 601.jpg..if we were on a mercator chart, we would have a curve blue line for the great circle track, and a straight line for the rhumb line. in northern hemisphere, our arrival track at b will be more than our departure track at a..simply calculate convergency = 6° x 0.5 = 3°..true track at b = 88.5° + 3° = 91.5°. exemple 365 091.5°

Question 193-20 : A route is flown from 85°s, 100°e to 85°s, 140°w. at 160°e the grid track gt and true track tt on a polar stereographic chart with a grid orientated on the 180° meridian are respectively ?

070° g and 090° t.

. /com en/com061 604.jpg.. exemple 369 070°(g) and 090°(t).

Question 193-21 : A straight line from a 75°s, 120°e to b 75°s, 160°e is drawn on a polar stereographic chart. when passing the meridian 155°e, the true track is ?

075°.

. /com en/com061 607a.jpg.. /com en/com061 607b.jpg..drawn the situation, the answer becomes simple and clear. exemple 373 075°.

Question 193-22 : On a mercator's projection the distance between 17°n, 035°e and 17°n, 040°e is 5 cm..the scale at 57°n is approximately ?

1 6 052 030

.on a mercator chart, meridians of longitude are parallel lines.5 cm distance at 17°n = 5 cm at 57°n....distance on earth between the two points..distance on earth = change of longitude x cos latitude..distance on earth = 5°x 60' x cos57°..distance on earth = 164 nm....so, we can say that 5 cm on the chart = 164 nm on earth...164 nm x 1.852 = 303.728 km..303.728 km x 1000 = 303 728 m..303 728 m x 100 = 30 72 800 cm...30 72 800 cm / 5 cm = 6 074 560..the scale at 57°n is approximately 1 6 074 560. exemple 377 1 : 6 052 030

Question 193-23 : A straight line from a 53°s, 155°e to b 53°s, 170°w is drawn on a lambert conformal conical chart with standard parallels at 50°s and 56°s..when passing 175°w, the true track is ?

078°.

.draw the situtation. /com en/com061 616a.jpg.. /com en/com061 616b.jpg..we can go for calculation.change of longitude = 35°.convergency = change longitude x sin latitude.convergency = 35° x sin 53° = 28°..departure track at a is 090° + 28° = 118°.track on arrival at b = 090° 28° = 062°...at half way between a and b, track is 090°...175°w is on the last part of the flight, so our true track will be less than 090° and more than 062°... special thanks to aluque for the correction. exemple 381 078°.

Question 193-24 : Route a b is drawn on a polar stereographic chart with the grid aligned with the greenwich meridian. the true track of the straight line at a 75°s, 010°w is 080°. what is the grid track when passing the meridian of 050°e ?

070° g.

.at 'a', true track is 080°..convergency = change of longitude datum and 'a' meridian..convergency = 000° 010°w = 10°...convergency direction is from grid north to true north at 'a' meridian. convergency direction is 10°west...convergency west = true track best..grid track = true track convergency = 080° 10°w = 070°...when passing the meridian of 050°e, since the grid track is constant along the whole track, the grid track remains 070°. exemple 385 070°(g).

Question 193-25 : Route a b is drawn on a polar stereographic chart with the grid aligned with the greenwich meridian..the true track of the straight line at a 75°n, 010°w is 080°..what is the grid track when passing the meridian 050°e ?

090° g.

. /com en/com061 621.jpg.at 'a', true track is 080°..convergency = change of longitude datum and 'a' meridian..convergency = 000° 010°w = 10°...convergency direction is from grid north to true north at 'a' meridian. convergency direction is 10°east...convergency east = true track least..grid track = true track + convergency = 080° + 10°e = 090°...when passing the meridian of 050°e, since the grid track is constant along the whole track, the grid track remains 090°. exemple 389 090°(g).

Question 193-26 : A straight line from a 53°n, 155°w to b 53°n, 170°e is drawn on a lambert conformal conical chart with standard parallels at 50°n and 56°n..when passing the meridian 175°e, the true track is ?

260°.

.change of longitude between a and b is 155°w to 170°e by the oppposite greenwich meridian = 35°..rhumb line track from a to b is 270°true..difference between great circle track and rhumb line track at a specified position is called conversion angle..the value of conversion angle can be calculated as half the value of convergency, and convergency = difference of longitude x sin mean latitude....the great circle track at a is.270° + conversion angle.conversion angle = 0.5 x 35° x sin 53° = 14°..departure track great circle is 270° + 14 ° = 284°...from a to the meridian 175°e, the great circle track decreases by convergency..284° difference of longitude x sin mean latitude..difference of longitude = 155°w to 175°e = 30°..284° 30° x sin53° = 284° 24° = 260°. exemple 393 260°.

Question 193-27 : A route is flown from 80°s, 100°w to 80°s, 140°e. at 160°w the grid track gt and true track tt on a polar stereographic chart with a grid orientated on the 180° meridian are respectively ?

290° g and 270° t.

. /com en/com061 636.jpg.. exemple 397 290°(g) and 270°(t).

Question 193-28 : Given.position ndb 55°10'n, 012°55'e.dead rekoning position 54°53'n, 009°58'e.ndb on the rmi reads 090°.magnetic variation = 10°w.the position line has to be plotted on a lamberts conformal chart with standard parallels at 40°n and 48°n..calculate the direction t of the bearing to be plotted from ?

262°.

.the rmi indicates the ndb direction, we have to applie variation and convergency..bearing is measured at the aricraft, since it is a ndb, variation is applied at the aircraft. 090° 10° 'variation west, magnetic best'...convergency = difference of longitude x sin mean latitude...between us and the ndb difference of longitude is 012°55' 009°58' = 2°57' = 2.95°..mean latitude is 40+48 /2 = 44°n...convergency = 2.95° x sin 44° = 2°...080° + 2° = 082°...the direction of the bearing to be plotted from the ndb is 082° + 180° = 262°. exemple 401 262°.

Question 193-29 : An aircraft is at position 53°n, 006°w and has a landmark at position 52°47'n, 004°45'w , with a relative bearing of 060°..given.compass heading = 051°.variation = 16°w.deviation = 2°e.what is the true bearing of the position line to be plotted from the landmark to the aircraft on a lambert chart ?

278°.

. /com en/com061 639a.jpg.true track is 037°...relative bearing of the landmark 037° + 060° = 097°...standard parallels of the chart are 37°n and 65°n, the parallel of origin is. 37+65 / 2 = 51°n...convergency = change of longitude x sin parallel of origin.convergency = 006° 4.75° x sin51°.convergency = 1.25° x 0777 = 1°...true track at the aircraft position is 097°, the true track at the landmark is more than 97°. /com en/com061 639b.jpg.thus, you must add the 1° of convergency.097° + 1° + 180° bearing from the landmark = 278°. exemple 405 278°.

Question 193-30 : A vor is situated at position 74°n, 094°w.local variation is 50°w..a polar stereographic chart supplied with a greenwich grid is used for navigation..to proceed along magnetic radial 238° inbound an aircraft has to follow a grid track of ?

103°.

. /com en/com061 640.jpg..without calculation, answer 103° appears to be the correct one...by calculation.magnetic track 238° 180° = 058°.true track 058° variation 50°w = 008°...convert magnetic track to grid track using grivation.sum of convergency and magnetic variation.sum of convergency= 94°e.magnetic variation= 50°w..94°e 50°w = 44°e..058° + 44° e = 102°. exemple 409 103°.

Question 193-31 : Thule vor is located at 76°32'n, 68°15'w. a polar stereographic chart with the grid aligned with the greenwich meridian is to be used. the local variation is 75°w. which grid track must be maintained to track radial 210 m inbound ?

023° g

Schaverius .use formula for grid navigation..grid heading = true heading + west longitude or east longitude..the radial inbound r210 outbound is a magnetic heading of 030° 210 180..subtract variation to find true..030 75 = 315° true..now apply the formula..grid = 315 + 68°15' = 23.25°grid. exemple 413 023°(g)

Question 193-32 : Route a b is drawn on a southern polar stereographic chart whose grid is aligned with the greenwich meridian. the true track of the straight line at a is 120°. when passing the meridian of 100°e the true track is 090°. the grid track of this route on the chart is ?

190° g.

. /com en/com061 643.png.when passing the meridian of 100°e the true track is 090°..since the grid is aligned with the greenwich meridian 100° + 090° = 190° grid. exemple 417 190°(g).

Question 193-33 : The constant of the cone in a lambert chart is 0.8666500. the angle between the north direction of the meridian in position a 65°00'n, 018°00'w and the meridian of position b 75°00'n, 023°00'w on the chart is ?

4.3°

.change of longitude = 023° 018° = 005°..constant of the cone is 0.8666500.convergency = change of longitude x constant of the cone.convergency = 005° x 0.8666500 = 4.3°. exemple 421 4.3°

Question 193-34 : Given.lambert conformal conical projection, scale 1 1 234 000. standard parallels 36°n and 60°n..a 53°n, 010°w , b 53°n, 020°w..the distance on the map between position a and position b measured along the rhumb line ?

Is less than 54.19 cm.

.at the exam, only lambert conformal charts mathematically produced with two standard parallels will be considered...distance on earth = 10° x 60 x cos 53° = 361 nm.361 nm x 1.852 km = 668.73 km = 66,873,000 cm..scale = chart lenght/earth distance..scale = chart lenght/66,873,000 cm = 1/1,234,000..chart lenght = 66,873,000 / 1,234,000 = 54.19 cm..on a lambert conformal conic projection, scale indicated on the chart will be correct at the standard parallels scale within the standard parallels differs by less than 1% from the scale stated on the chart..the parallel of origin is close to the mean latitude between the standard parallels and the scale will increase away from the parallel of origin if the scale increase to reach the scale stated on the chart, it means that at the parallel of origin, the scale is less than the scale stated on the chart...thus, the distance on the map between position a and position b measured along the rhumb line is less than 54.19 cm. exemple 425 Is less than 54.19 cm.

Question 193-35 : Two places are situated on the same parallel in the southern hemisphere. the great circle, rhumb line and the straight line between these places are drawn on a polar stereographic projection..which statement is correct ?

The great circle is situated between the parallel and the straight line, because the concave side of the great circle is always pointed towards the pole.

. 1777

Question 193-36 : From rakovnik 50° 05.9' n, 013° 41.5' e to frankfurt ffm 50° 05.9' n, 008° 38.3' e the true track of departure along the straight line is 272.0°..the constant of the cone of this lambert conformal projection is ?

0.79

.chart convergency = difference of longitude x constant of cone...difference of longitude = rakovnik 013° 41.5' e and frankfurt 008° 38.3' e = 005° 3.2'..the rhumb line track between rakovnik and frankfurt is 270° both are located 50° 05.9' n..difference between great circle track and rhumb line track at a specified position is called conversion angle 272° 270° = 2°...conversion angle = 1/2 x difference of longitude x sin mean latitude..conversion angle = 1/2 x convergency..2° = 1/2 x convergency.convergency = 4°...chart convergency = difference of longitude x constant of cone.4° = 005° 3.2' x constant of cone.constant of cone = 4° / 005°053 = 0.79. exemple 433 0.79

Question 193-37 : An aeronautical chart is conformal when ?

At any point the scale over a short distance in the direction of the parallel is equal to the scale in the direction of the meridian and the meridians are perpendicular to the parallels.

exemple 437 At any point the scale over a short distance in the direction of the parallel is equal to the scale in the direction of the meridian and the meridians are perpendicular to the parallels.

Question 193-38 : Which statement is true about the parallel of origin of a conformal chart ?

The parallel of origin is the parallel at which the scale reaches its minimum value.

.the lambert conformal is what most of today's aeronautical charts are based on.. 1776.the parallel of origin is midway between the two standard parallels, where the scale will be smallest.

Question 193-39 : A lambert conformal conic chart, whose two standard parallels 54°n and 59°n is used for navigation..straight line from a 53°n, 165°e to b 58°n, 154°e is drawn on the chart..the true course of the straight line track drawn on this chart at a is 301°..the true course of the straight line track drawn ?

292°.

.constant of cone convergency factor the ratio between the top angle of the unfolded cone and 360°, or sine of the parallel of origin...mean latitude = 54+59 /2 = 56.5°.constant of cone = sin56.5° = 0.834..now.165 154 = 11° difference of longitude between a and b..11° x 0.834 = 9°..301° 9° = 292°...'minus' 9 since we are heading west.

Question 193-40 : Correct statement about a polar stereographic chart is ?

The closer the pole the higher straight line chart approximates the great circle.

exemple 449 The closer the pole the higher straight line chart approximates the great circle.


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