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Question 198-1 : The quoted accuracy of vor is valid ? [ Level reports ]

At all times

exemple 298 At all times.

Question 198-2 : When an ndb fails which kind of warning is visible in the cockpit ?

There is no warning

Ecqb03 august 2016 ..adf does not have a signal failure warning flag in case of ndb failure exemple 302 There is no warning.

Question 198-3 : The process by which em energy is taken up by the atmosphere is called ?

Absorption

Ecqb03 august 2016 ..absorption of radio wave energy is the way in which the energy is taken up by the ground or atmosphere rain hail ionosphere etc the electromagnetic energy em wave is then transformed to other forms of energy for example into heat exemple 306 Absorption.

Question 198-4 : The range of a locator beacon is much shorter than that of an ndb because ?

Locator beacons have a lower power output

Ecqb03 august 2016 exemple 310 Locator beacons have a lower power output.

Question 198-5 : If you are on an ils approach and in case your glide slope indicator shows a deviation of half scale deflection downwards ?

You may keep on flying the approach if the glide is less than half scale deflection

Ecqb04 november 2017 ..icao doc 8168 .3 3 flight procedures for racetrack and reversal procedures. 3 3 4 descent .the aircraft shall cross the fix or facility and fly outbound on the specified track descending as necessary to the procedure altitude/height but no lower than the minimum crossing altitude/height associated with that segment if a further descent is specified after the inbound turn this descent shall not be started until the aircraft is established on the inbound track an aircraft is considered established when it is . a within half full scale deflection for the ils and vor or.b within ±5° of the required bearing for the ndb exemple 314 You may keep on flying the approach if the glide is less than half scale deflection.

Question 198-6 : During an ils approach the maximum safe deviation below the glide path indicated on a five dot display cdi is ?

2 5 dots

exemple 318 2.5 dots.

Question 198-7 : Full scale deflection of the localiser needle indicates that the aircraft is at an offset of approximately ?

2 5° from the runway centreline

Admin . 2603.the indication on the cockpit instrument is the same as that of a vor a right left or centered needle the procedure for getting on course is also the same fly toward the needle .full scale deflection of the cdi course deviation indicator needle is approximately 2 5° movement of the cdi is therefore four times more sensitive exemple 322 2.5° from the runway centreline.

Question 198-8 : A dme that has difficulty obtaining a 'lock on' . prf = pulse recurrence frequency pps = pulses per second ?

Stays in search mode but reduces prf to 60 pps after 15000 pulse pairs have been transmitted

exemple 326 Stays in search mode but reduces prf to 60 pps after 15000 pulse pairs have been transmitted.

Question 198-9 : Each dme has its own three letter code it is issued in morse on the frequency ?

1350 hz

Admin .when identifying a dme station co located with a vor station the identification signal with the higher tone frequency is the dme which idents approximately every 40 seconds 4 times in 30 seconds 10 seconds broadcast off .in a period of 40 seconds the dme ident will be heard once on an audio frequency of 1350 hz exemple 330 1350 hz.

Question 198-10 : The maximum numbers of pulse pairs transmitted by a dme ground station is ?

2700 pps

exemple 334 2700 pps.

Question 198-11 : A dme ground station must be able to process up to 100 aircraft at the same time including at least ?

95% in tracking mode and 5% in search mode

exemple 338 95% in tracking mode and 5% in search mode.

Question 198-12 : The outer marker is located at a distance from the runway threshold of ?

6 11 km

Admin . 2602 exemple 342 6-11 km.

Question 198-13 : The information read on an adf is unreliable ?

At night because of the weakening of the d layer of the ionosphere

exemple 346 At night, because of the weakening of the d-layer of the ionosphere.

Question 198-14 : When a dme is associated with an mls the delay is .1 50 microseconds for mode x.2 50 milliseconds for mode x.3 56 microseconds for mode y.4 56 milliseconds for mode y.the combination regrouping all the correct statements is ?

1 and 3

Ecqb04 november 2017 exemple 350 1 and 3.

Question 198-15 : In tracking mode the airborne dme interrogates with a recurrence frequency ?

Variable from 5 to 25 times per second

exemple 354 Variable from 5 to 25 times per second.

Question 198-16 : A vor station automatically stops transmitting if a variation in the transmitted bearing is greater than ?

1°

Ecqb04 november 2017 exemple 358 1°.

Question 198-17 : Dvor is less sensitive to site errors than cvor because of the ?

Relatively large antenna of dvor compared to cvor

Ecqb04 november 2017 ..sorry unable to write down all the answers from the paper exam exemple 362 Relatively large antenna of dvor (compared to cvor).

Question 198-18 : The difference between a cvor and a dvor indicates that dvor is more accurate because ?

It is less sensitive to errors generated by the environment buildings hills

exemple 366 It is less sensitive to errors generated by the environment (buildings, hills).

Question 198-19 : The pulse p2 of an interrogation in a/c mode has the function ?

Of avoiding responses of aircraft located in the direction of the side lobes of the antenna of the interrogator

exemple 370 Of avoiding responses of aircraft located in the direction of the side lobes of the antenna of the interrogator.

Question 198-20 : A transponder receives a p2 pulse which is larger than that of the p1 and p3 ?

Transponder transmissions will be suppressed for a short time

exemple 374 Transponder transmissions will be suppressed for a short time.

Question 198-21 : The integrity of a vor system is improved by ?

An automatic ground monitoring system

exemple 378 An automatic ground monitoring system.

Question 198-22 : The controller of a vdf ground station pass you the following message .'your true bearing is 256° class alpha' .this is a ?

Qte accurate to a range within ± 2°

Admin .bravo nice and very interesting question from the easa there's nothing more to say than that . 2559 .qte the true bearing from the station .quj the true bearing to the station .qdr the magnetic bearing from the station .qdm the magnetic bearing to the station .vdf information is divided into the following classes according to icao annex 10 . class a accurate to a range within ± 2° . class b accurate to a range within ± 5° . class c accurate to a range within ± 10° . class d accurate to less than class c exemple 382 Qte accurate to a range within ± 2°.

Question 198-23 : Which of the following is the correct class and accuracy for a vdf direction finder ?

Class a ± 2°

Admin . 2604.they should take a break at the easa offices .vdf information is divided into the following classes according to icao annex 10 . class a accurate to a range within ± 2° . class b accurate to a range within ± 5° . class c accurate to a range within ± 10° . class d accurate to less than class c exemple 386 Class a ± 2°.

Question 198-24 : An aircraft is inbound to vor x on the 073° radial and experiences a drift of 12°l a position report is required when crossing the 133° radial from vor y if the aircraft is on track the rmi indications at the reporting point would be ?

Heading 265° x pointer 253° y pointer 313°

exemple 390 Heading 265°, x pointer 253°, y pointer 313°.

Question 198-25 : In the case where a dme station is subjected to more than 100 interrogations which aircraft will no longer receive a response from the dme ?

Those who have the lowest transmission

Admin .a typical dme transponder can provide distance information to 100 aircraft at a time above this limit the transponder avoids overload by limiting the gain of the receiver replies to weaker more distant interrogations are ignored to lower the transponder load .dme can be used by 300 users at one time the technical term of the dme station when its overloaded and cannot accept more than 100 aircraft is called 'station or beacon saturation' exemple 394 Those who have the lowest transmission.

Question 198-26 : In the case where a dme station is subjected to more than 100 interrogations which aircraft s will receive a dme response ?

Those who have the most powerful transmission

Admin .a typical dme transponder can provide distance information to 100 aircraft at a time above this limit the transponder avoids overload by limiting the gain of the receiver replies to weaker more distant interrogations are ignored to lower the transponder load .dme can be used by 300 users at one time the technical term of the dme station when its overloaded and cannot accept more than 100 aircraft is called 'station or beacon saturation' exemple 398 Those who have the most powerful transmission.

Question 198-27 : What is the reason that a dme station can generally respond to a maximum of 100 aircraft ?

The number of reply pulse pairs per second that a dme transponder can transmit is limited to a certain maximum value

exemple 402 The number of reply pulse pairs per second that a dme transponder can transmit is limited to a certain maximum value.

Question 198-28 : Which entrance sectors should you use to enter a dme arc holding pattern ?

Sector 1 or 3

Admin .icao doc816 dme arc entry at the fix the aircraft shall enter the holding pattern in accordance with either the sector 1 or sector 3 entry procedure .sector 2 is on the dme arc which is why it is not in the allowed sectors to enter the holding pattern at the beginning of the dme arc .sector 1 procedure parallel entry.sector 2 procedure offset entry.sector 3 procedure direct entry exemple 406 Sector 1 or 3.

Question 198-29 : A direction finding station working alone should give the following as requested ?

Magnetic and true bearing to the station magnetic and true heading for the station

Ecqb04 november 2017 ..a direction finding station working alone should give the following as requested .1 true bearing of the aircraft .2 true heading to be steered by the aircraft with no wind to head for the station .3 magnetic bearing of the aircraft .4 magnetic heading to be steered by the aircraft with no wind to make for the station exemple 410 Magnetic and true bearing to the station, magnetic and true heading for the station.

Question 198-30 : In vdf service the report 'qdr 235° class c' means ?

The magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft is 235° ± 10°

Ecqb04 november 2017 .. /com en/head explode gif.they should take a break at the easa offices .qte the true bearing from the station .quj the true bearing to the station .qdr the magnetic bearing from the station .qdm the magnetic bearing to the station .vdf information is divided into the following classes according to icao annex 10 . class a accurate to a range within ± 2° . class b accurate to a range within ± 5° . class c accurate to a range within ± 10° . class d accurate to less than class c exemple 414 The magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft is 235° ± 10°.

Question 198-31 : The sensitive area of an ils is the area vehicles or taxiing aircraft may not enter when ?

Category ii/iii ils operations are in progress

The ils critical area is an area of defined dimensions about the localizer and glide path antennas where vehicles including aircraft are excluded during all ils operations .the critical area is protected because the presence of vehicles and/or aircraft inside its boundaries will cause unacceptable disturbance to the ils signal in space .the ils sensitive area is an area extending beyond the critical area where the parking and/or movement of vehicles including aircraft is controlled to prevent the possibility of unacceptable interference to the ils signal during ils operations .the sensitive area is protected against interference caused by large moving objects outside the critical area but still normally within the airfield boundary .critical areas must be protected to all times while ils sensitive areas should be kept clear during cat ii or cat iii operations .airplane must stop taxing at the rwy cat ii or cat iii holding points exemple 418 Category ii/iii ils operations are in progress.

Question 198-32 : You are flying along an airway which is 10 nm wide 5 nm either side of the centreline the distance to the vor/dme you are using is 100 nm if you are on the airway boundary how many dots deviation will the vor needle show if one dot represents 2 degrees ?

1 5

Refer to figure .as seen in the figure the aircraft is on the airway boundary which is 5 nm form the intended course the cdi therefore will show a deflection to the right since the selected course will be directly inbound to the station the distance that dme shows 100 nm which should be the hypotenuse but for the such distance we can approximate that the distance from the airway is the same to calculate the angle of deflection the aircraft has relative to the intended course we can use the following formulae .tangent correction angle = distance off intended track / distance to go = 5nm / 100nm = 0 05tan 1 0 05 = 2 86° = 3°if one dot represents 2° then 3° will be equal to 1 dot2° 3° = 3° x 1 dot / 2° = 1 5 dots1 60 solution .• track error angle = dist off track × 60 ÷ dist along track.• tea = 5 nm × 60 ÷ 100 nm.• tea = 3°if one dot represents 2° then 3° will be equal to 1 5 dots exemple 422 1.5

Question 198-33 : If an aircraft flies along a vor radial it will follow a ?

Great circle track

Refer to figure .a radial is a magnetic bearing extending from a vor station radials move along the compass rose in all directions radials follow the curvature of the earth just like great circle tracks as seen in the figure great circle tracks run across the earth’s surface following the curvature of the earth the rhumb line is used for planning a flight on a 2d map .the great circle track marks the shortest distance between 2 points which is useful for navigation purposes due to convergency usually the track changes along the great circle the equator and all the meridians longitudes that run vertically across the earth any circle that is not a great circle is called a small circle also known as parallel of latitudes exemple 426 Great circle track

Question 198-34 : Locators are .1 high powered ndbs used for en route and airways navigation . .2 low powered ndbs used for airfield or runway approach . .3 beacons with a usually range of 10 to 250 nm . .4 beacons with a usually range of 10 to 25 nm .the combination regrouping all the correct statements is ?

2 and 4

Ndbs used for aviation are standardised by icao annex 10 which specifies that ndbs be operated on a frequency between 190 khz and 1750 khz each ndb is identified by a one two or three letter morse code callsign .non directional beacons in are classified by power output 'low' power rating is less than 50 watts 'medium' from 50 w to 2 000 w and 'high' at more than 2 000 w 2 .there are four types of non directional beacons in the aeronautical navigation service .. . en route ndbs used to mark airways. . . approach ndbs. . . localizer beacons. . . locator beacons. ..the last two types are used in conjunction with an instrument landing system ils .locator beacons are low powered beacons with a range between 10 to 25 nm maximum exemple 430 2 and 4.

Question 198-35 : An aircraft is flying at fl 240 the dme reading uncorrected for altitude is 8 nm what is the ground distance to the beacon ?

7 0 nm

Refer to figure .distance measuring equipment dme is a navigation beacon that can indicate the aircraft’s position relative to the beacon aircraft send out a signal which is sent back by the dme ground equipment based on the delay of receiving the signal back the aircraft can calculate the relative distance to the dme ground equipment .as seen in the figure the aircraft is at an altitude of 24 000 feet fl240 .the slant range from the aircraft to the dme is 8 nm .by calculating the ground distance from the aircraft to the dme station convert the following 24 000 feet into nautical miles .use the following table .. . . 1 nm. 6080 ft . . . . 24 000 ft . . .. = 24 000 ft x1 nm / 6080 ft = 3 95 nm. .using the abc formulae the following can be calculated .a² + b² = c².knowing that .a = 3 95 nm.b = .c = 8 nm.rewriting the formulae gives the following .b² = c² a².b² = 8 ² 3 95 ².b² = 48 4.b = 48 4 = 6 95 nm = 7 nm exemple 434 7.0 nm

Question 198-36 : What is the minimum level isa conditions that an aircraft at a range of 111 nm must fly in order to contact the tower on r/t for a vdf bearing from an airport sited 169 ft above msl ?

Fl60

A vdf facility is an abbreviation for very high frequency vhf direction finding .using this will give the pilot a determination of his current position .the formulae used to calculate the range of these radio waves is as follows .maximum theoretical range in nm = = 1 23 x h3 + 1 23 x h4.h3 = the height in feet of the transmitter above mean sea level msl .h4 = the height in feet of the receiver above mean sea level msl .rewriting the formulae gives the following .1 23 x h3 = range – 1 23 x h4.h3 = range 1 23 x h4 / 1 23 ².knowing that .range = 111 nm.h4 = 169 ft.filling in the formulae gives the following .h3 = 111 nm 1 23 x 169 / 1 23 ² = 5966 ft = fl60 exemple 438 Fl60

Question 198-37 : To determine the vor radial the aircraft vor receiver… ?

Measures the phase difference between the reference phase and the variable phase signals

A vhf omni directional range vor is used as a navigation beacon for aircraft aircraft with a receiving unit will be able to determine their position relative to the vor beacon the frequency of vor’s appear in the very high frequency vhf range from 108 00 to 117 95 mhz .a vor ground station sends a highly directional signal by making use of a so called phased array antenna together with this signal the vor sends a 30 hz reference signal which is equal in all direction the phase difference between the reference signal and the highly directional signal is the bearing from the vor station relative to magnetic north .a vor receiver works by comparing the phase relationship between a reference signal and a variable signal exemple 442 Measures the phase difference between the reference phase and the variable phase signals.

Question 198-38 : Which of the following correctly describes the instrument landing system ils localiser radiation pattern ?

Two overlapping lobes on the same vhf carrier frequency

Refer to figure .as seen in the figure the instrument landing system ils consists of 2 parts the localizer and the glideslope the localizer takes care of the horizontal guidance for the runway centreline it works on the transmitting receiving principle the glideslope is the ideal path towards the runway two signals are transmitted on one of the 40 different ils channels available one signal is modulated at 90 hz and the other signal is modulated at 150 hz localizer carrier frequencies range between 108 10 mhz and 111 95 mhz this automatically puts the ils in the very high frequency vhf range as seen below frequency namefrequencyapplicationvery low frequency vlf 3 30 khznillow frequency lf 30 300 khzndb/adfmedium frequency mf 300 3000 khzndb/adf long range communicationshigh frequency hf 3 30 mhzlong range communicationsvery high frequency vhf 30 300 mhzshort range communication vdf vor ils localizer marker beaconsultra high frequency uhf 300 3000 mhzils glide path dme ssr satelite communications gnss long range radarssuper high frequency shf 3 30 ghzradalt awr mls short range radarsextremely high frequency ehf 30 300 ghznil exemple 446 Two overlapping lobes on the same vhf carrier frequency

Question 198-39 : The middle marker of an instrument landing system ils facility is identified audibly and visually by a series of ?

Alternate dots and dashes and an amber light flashing

Refer to figure .there are three types of markers usually installed as part of a instrument landing system .outer marker .this marker normally indicates the final approach fix faf it is located between 4 and 7 nm from the runway threshold on the same course as the localizer when passing the outer marker the pilot receives an audio tone in continues series of 400 hz accompanied with a flashing blue light in a continuous series of 2 second dashes .middle marker .this marker normally indicates the cat i missed approach point and it is positioned between 0 5 and 0 8 nm from the runway threshold when passing the middle marker the pilot receives an audio tone in continues series at 1300 hz accompanied with a flashing amber light in an alternating dots and dashes sequence .inner marker .this marker normally indicates the passing of the runway threshold when passing the inner marker the pilot receives an audio tone in continues series of 3000 hz accompanied with a flashing white light in a dots sequence exemple 450 Alternate dots and dashes and an amber light flashing

Question 198-40 : The mls frequencies and available channels are ?

In the shf band 300 khz frequency separation giving 200 available channels

The microwave landing system mls was designed to replace ils with an advanced precision approach system that would overcome the disadvantages of ils and also provide greater flexibility to its users however there are few mls installations in use at present and they are likely to co exist with ils for a long time mls is a precision approach and landing system that provides position information and various ground to air data the position information is provided in a wide coverage sector and is determined by an azimuth angle measurement an elevation measurement and a range measurement .the microwave landing system mls has the following features .. . there are 200 channels available worldwide . . . the azimuth coverage is at least ± 40° of the runway on course line qdm and glideslopes from 9° to 20° can be selected the usable range is 20 30 nm from the mls site 20nm in the uk . . . there is no problem with back course transmissions a secondary system is provided to give overshoot and departure guidance ± 20° of runway direction up to 15° in elevation to a range of 10 nm and a height of 10 000 ft . . . it operates in the shf band 5031 5090 mhz this enables it to be sited in hilly areas without having to level the site course deviation errors bending of the localiser and glidepath caused by aircraft vehicles and buildings are no longer a problem because the mls scanning beam can be interrupted and therefore avoids the reflections exemple 454 In the shf band, 300 khz frequency separation giving 200 available channels.


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