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The airborne weather radar ? [ Exam pilot ]

Question 207-1 : May receive no reflections from a thunderstorm in an area behind a heavy rain shower uses circular polarisation in order to reduce echoes of heavy showers has a second transmitter working on a lower frequency in order to penetrate rain showers has the possibility to detect clear air turbulence behind a thunder storm by measuring phase differences caused by the doppler effect

Refer to figure .weather attenuation.the weather radar display depends on signal returns the more intense the precipitation the less distance the radar can see through therefore when the radar echo is unable to make the two way trip through heavy precipitation a 'shadowing' effect occurs .the stronger the rainstorm the more radar energy will be scattered by weather attenuation in simple words radar attenuation or shadowing is simply the absorption or reflection of radar signals as the radar pulse penetrates an area of precipitation preventing that radar from detecting any additional cells that lie behind the first storm .. the awr is blind to whatever conditions may be lurking behind the thunderstorm in the area where the shadowing occurs conditions are unknown exemple 307 May receive no reflections from a thunderstorm in an area behind a heavy rain shower.May receive no reflections from a thunderstorm in an area behind a heavy rain shower.

What determines the operating mode a or c of the ssr transponder ?

Question 207-2 : The time interval between the pulses p1 and p3 the position of the spi pulse the difference in amplitude of the pulses p1/p3 and p2 the travel time of the pulses transmitted by the interrogator

A secondary surveillance radar ssr system uses transmitters/receivers interrogators and transponders a pulse coded interrogation message is sent from the ground to the aircraft the transponder responds in accordance with the pulse coded interrogation in the form of a pulse train that is a series of pulses which carry the appropriate information the transmissions are achieved in the uhf band where all ground interrogation pulses are processed at a 1 030 mhz carrier frequency and all transponder responses are completed on the 1 090 mhz carrier channel the two main modes of operation excluding mode s are mode a an interrogation to identify an aircraft mode c an interrogation to obtain an automatic height read out of an aircraft three pulses p1 p2 and p3 are always transmitted to differentiate between interrogations the spacing between p1 and p2 is fixed at 2 s the spacing between p1 and p3 is 8 s for a mode a and 21 s for a mode c interrogation the transponder detects the time interval between the pulses p1 and p3 which determines the mode of interrogation exemple 311 The time interval between the pulses p1 and p3.The time interval between the pulses p1 and p3.

Airborne weather radar systems use a wavelength of approximately 3 cm in order ?

Question 207-3 : Detect larger water droplets obtain optimum use of the cosecant squared beam transmit at a higher pulse repetition frequency for extended range detect small as well as large cloud formations

Typically the radar antenna is located in the nose of the aircraft signals from the antenna are processed by a computer and presented on a screen which may be viewed by the pilots droplet size is a good indicator of strong updrafts within cumulonimbus clouds and associated turbulence and is indicated on the screen by patterns colour coded for intensity it needs to be noted that the frequency band of the radio waves x band is selected not to detect any cloud small precipitation such as drizzle fog or wind as the droplets are too little or don’t exist some airborne weather radar systems may also be able to predict the presence of wind shear .weather radars send directional pulses of microwave radiation on the order of a microsecond long using a cavity magnetron or klystron tube connected by a waveguide to a parabolic antenna the wavelengths of 1 – 10 cm are approximately ten times the diameter of the droplets or ice particles of interest because rayleigh scattering occurs at these frequencies this means that part of the energy of each pulse will bounce off these small particles back in the direction of the radar station .shorter wavelengths are useful for smaller particles but the signal is more quickly attenuated thus 10 cm s band radar is preferred but is more expensive than a 5 cm c band system 3 cm x band radar is used only for short range units and 1 cm ka band weather radar is used only for research on small particle phenomena such as drizzle and fog w band weather radar systems have seen limited university use but due to quicker attenuation most data are not operational .radar pulses spread out as they move away from the radar station thus the volume of air that a radar pulse is traversing is larger for areas farther away from the station and smaller for nearby areas decreasing resolution at far distances at the end of a 150 – 200 km sounding range the volume of air scanned by a single pulse might be on the order of a cubic kilometer this is called the pulse volume exemple 315 Detect larger water droplets.Detect larger water droplets.

What beam is used in the mapping mode of an airborne weather radar that can ?

Question 207-4 : A cosecant squared beam effective up to a maximum of 50 nm to 60 nm a cosecant squared beam effective up to a range of 150 nm a pencil beam effective up to a maximum range of 60 nm a pencil beam effective up to a range of 150 nm

The radar can has two modes weather and mapping the weather beam is used for detecting clouds and is a conical pencil beam with a width of 5 degrees and the mapping is for ground features and uses a fan shaped or cosecant squared beam .the directional properties of the radar produce side lobes one side lobe goes vertically down to the ground and is received back by the weather radar receiver this received signal produces a height ring on the display the ring indicates that the radar is working and appears at the approximate height of the aeroplane above the gound an aeroplane flying at 12000ft will have a permanent return at approximately 2nm .weather radars produce a wide fan shaped beam cosecant square beam by placing parasitic elements in front of the radar dish to deflect the beam it is also referred to as the spoil beam the cosecant square beam provides a wider coverage than the conical beam at short range and its transmission pattern has the effect of compensating for range by sending more power to the top part of the beam which hits more distant objects the cosec beam works out to between 60nm and 150nm depending on type this is probably an old question that’s why the correct answer is from 50nm to 60 nm only beyond that range there is not enough power in the beam to produce reasonable returns so the more concentrated conical beam should be used instead in the weather mode the radar display of ground returns does not always look like the terrain would look like on a map hills can cause 'shadowing' at low altitude masking the terrain behind them and giving a false impression of water in arctic regions returns from ice can mask the true shape of the coastline exemple 319 A cosecant squared beam effective up to a maximum of 50 nm to 60 nm.A cosecant squared beam effective up to a maximum of 50 nm to 60 nm.

Ground secondary surveillance radar ssr equipment incorporates a transmitter ?

Question 207-5 : Transmits on 1030 mhz and receives on 1090 mhz transmits on 1090 mhz and receives on 1030 mhz transmits and receives on 1030 mhz transmits and receives on 1090 mhz

A secondary surveillance radar ssr system uses transmitters/receivers interrogators and transponders a pulse coded interrogation message is sent from the ground to the aircraft the transponder responds in accordance with the pulse coded interrogation in the form of a pulse train that is a series of pulses which carry the appropriate information the transmissions are achieved in the uhf band where all ground interrogation pulses are processed at a 1 030 mhz carrier frequency and all transponder responses are completed on the 1 090 mhz carrier channel .. . ground transmits on 1030 mhz and receives from aircraft on 1090 mhz exemple 323 Transmits on 1030 mhz and receives on 1090 mhz.Transmits on 1030 mhz and receives on 1090 mhz.

Ignoring pulse length the maximum pulse repetition frequency prf that can be ?

Question 207-6 : 405 pps 810 pps 782 pps 308 pps

Prf pulse recurrence frequency is the number of pulses trasmitted in a second . .prf is one of the main factors that determine the maximum theoretical unambiguous range of a pulse radar . .the trasmitter must remain silent while the receiver is listening for echoes . .if the design maximum range is 200nm the receiver must be allowed to listen for the period of time fro when a pulse has been trasmitted untill it can go to 200nm and than return . .that is a round trip of 400 nm which would require a longer silent period than a radar whit a range of 100nm where the pulses have to travel only 200nm . .therefore we can say that a lower prf enables a longer maximum theoretical range max therorical range is inversly proportional to the prf .the following formula may be used to calculate the max theoretical unambiguous range .range in km = 300 000 ÷ prf x 2 or if we need to find the required prf based on a specific unambiguous range needed we can rearrange the formula . .prf = 300 000 ÷ range in km x 2 .in our case we can apply the second one . .1 nm = 1 852 km so . .200 x 1 852 = 370 4 km.prf = 300 000 ÷ 370 4 x 2 . .prf = 404 97 pps = approx 405 pps exemple 327 405 pps.405 pps.

To double the effective range of a primary radar the power output must be ?

Question 207-7 : 16 8 2 4

Primary surveillance radar psr works on the echo principle that uses strong transmitted signals at a known time these signals reflect from objects and the echoes are detected psr theoretical range depends among others on the power output of the radar transmitter .. range nm =4 power w . if we double the range the power output required increases by 16 exemple 331 16.16.

The prime factor in determining the maximum unambiguous range of a primary ?

Question 207-8 : Pulse repetition frequency size of the parabolic receiver aerial power output height of the transmitter above the ground

Pulse repetition frequency prf is the number of occurrences pulses each second the prf has a large significance on maximum range depending on how far the radar wishes to search for objects and what the visible range is the pulse repetition interval has to be set in a way to always allow the pulse to reach the range limits and return .the maximum theoretical unambiguous range is calculate by the formula .. range km = 300 000 ÷ prf × 2 ..in the above formula the range is given in kilometres and the prf is in pps the formula includes '300 000' which represents the number of km the light travels every second speed of light .note the minimum detection range of a pulse radar is determined primarily by the pulse length/width exemple 335 Pulse repetition frequency.Pulse repetition frequency.

Airborne weather radars are generally based on the use of ?

Question 207-9 : Primary radar in the shf band secondary radar in the vhf band secondary radar in the shf band primary radar in the uhf band

Airborne weather radar awr is a primary radar system that is fitted to an aeroplane the selected frequency for awr is in the shf band and is 9 375 ghz this has an associated wavelength of 3 2 cm awr must be optimised not to detect very small particles such as thin fog but to accurately identify rain particles in storms .. too small wavelengths will result in reflection from very small particles larger wavelengths result in the waves bending around particles of interest exemple 339 Primary radar in the shf band.Primary radar in the shf band.

Which of the following types of radar equipment operate by means of the pulse ?

Question 207-10 : 1 2 3 and 4 1 2 and 4 only 2 3 and 4 only 2 and 4 only

The pulse technique works by the transmission of pulse modulated signals the pulses are short interval high energy electromagnetic emissions this method is used by .. distance measuring equipment dme interrogator/transponder principle. secondary surveillance radar ssr interrogator/transponder principle. atc area or terminal surveillance radar echo / reflection principle . airport surface movement radar echo/reflection principle. airborne weather radar awr echo principle exemple 343 1, 2, 3 and 41, 2, 3 and 4

Which of the following phenomena is least likely to be detected by radar ?

Question 207-11 : Clear air turbulence wet snow and turbulence in cloud that has precipitation turbulence in cloud that has precipitation precipitation

Conventional weather radar cannot detect wind speed or turbulence directly it only detects solid and liquid objects above a threshold size the most turbulent areas of thunderstorms are also those areas that contain the most water and ice note that the areas in which the concentration of droplets decreases rapidly which are marked on the radar screen by a sharp fall in signal intensity are normally areas in which the most severe turbulence can be encountered these are areas in which the strong up going air currents are in close proximity to downward flowing currents and there is a strong risk of severe vertical wind shear these areas will be identified on the radar screen by a rapid change in appearance of the cloud return steep change in colors of the return steep color gradient if you identify this area on your radar screen avoid that area .* green light precipitation slight turbolence.* yellow or amber medium precipitation light turbolence.* red heavy precipitation medium to severe turbolence.* magenta extremely high precipitation severe turbolence.so the weather radar is merely detecting the presence of water it is the pilot interpreting the picture who is really detecting the turbulence .clear air turbulence cat does not have condensated water in it and is therefore undetectable by conventional radar there are systems such as lidar that can detect cat but they generally not installed on aircraft exemple 347 Clear air turbulenceClear air turbulence

What equipment works on the interrogator/transponder principle ?

Question 207-12 : Secondary surveillance radar ssr airborne weather radar awr aerodrome surface movement radar global positioning system gps

A secondary surveillance radar ssr system uses transmitters/receivers interrogators and transponders a pulse coded interrogation message is sent from the ground to the aircraft the transponder responds in accordance with the pulse coded interrogation in the form of a pulse train that is a series of pulses which carry the appropriate information the transmissions are achieved in the uhf band where all ground interrogation pulses are processed at a 1 030 mhz carrier frequency and all transponder responses are completed on the 1 090 mhz carrier channel exemple 351 Secondary surveillance radar (ssr)Secondary surveillance radar (ssr)

If the airborne weather radar system is fitted with an auto tilt function what ?

Question 207-13 : Based on the altitude of the aircraft to tilt fully down when taxiing to reduce the possibility of injury to ground personnel to track the areas with the greatest intensity of precipitation based on the attitude of the aircraft

Modern aircraft are equipped with an automatic tilt function which sets the antenna tilt based on aircraft position altitude and range in weather mode the tilt is set to be above any terrain ahead based on the worldwide navigation database which supplies elevation data to the awr management computer exemple 355 Based on the altitude of the aircraft.Based on the altitude of the aircraft.

To improve the detection of precipitation area s in e g thunderstorms in which ?

Question 207-14 : Lower when the aircraft climbs to a higher altitude higher when the aircraft climbs to a higher altitude lower when the selected range increases higher when the selected range decreases

If we know of the presence of thunderstorms then tilting the radar can be very useful to gather information about the strength of the thunderstorm and the levels at which it is worst .if we are at a level just below the top of the thunderstorm it is likely that we have the tilt set to 0 or even 1 or 2 degrees in order to see the more violent lower section of the thunderstorm if we climb higher perhaps to overfly the storm then that same tilt setting will be looking higher up within the storm and will be seeing the ice crystals rather than the wet hail and large water droplets this is why we would set the tilt further downwards after making such a climb .it is important to remember that there are other questions asking about the tilt setting during take off and climb out well of course the setting at that time of flight would be quite high to see the weather the aircraft is climbing towards and avoid clutter from ground returns after that though the tilt setting should gradually be reduced until the cruise and then in the descent gradually increased again to avoid ground returns .remember also that the radar is automatically stabilised so it follows the horizon plus/minus any tilt not the aircraft attitude plus/minus tilt exemple 359 Lower when the aircraft climbs to a higher altitude.Lower when the aircraft climbs to a higher altitude.

When using airborne weather radar in the mapping mode in polar areas one runs ?

Question 207-15 : Mistaking the edge of coastal ice off shore for the real coastline aurora borealis polar light causing false returns getting a distorted picture because of ice reflection underestimating distances because the cold seawater is causing super refraction

Mapping mode is very useful to provide basic orientation relative to significant terrain features it may be used to distinguish land from water by detecting coastlines in map mode the receiver sensitivity is decreased to accomodate terrain characteristics instead of weather this mode enables identification of terrain features such as mountains coastlines bodies of water etc however it is important to note that off shore ice blocks may be mistaken for the real coastline with black areas in between being mistaken for the shadowed lee side of mountains exemple 363 Mistaking the edge of coastal ice off shore for the real coastline.Mistaking the edge of coastal ice off shore for the real coastline.

In order to provide an air traffic services ats surveillance service what ?

Question 207-16 : Any map information needed to provide the surveillance service and when available the aircraft identification and level any map information needed to provide the surveillance service aircraft speed and when available the aircraft identification and level level speed vertical speed an overlay of the terrain and when available the aircraft identification and destination an overlay of the terrain and the aircraft identification speed vertical speed and level

To provide air traffic services ats surveillance service the minimum required information is .. position and. map information which serves as a reference to airspace structure .. if the aircraft is equipped with a transponder depending on the mode of operation additional information may be provided .. mode a provides solely 2d position information that is presented on the screen of the controller in the horizontal plane . mode c provides 3d position information that is presented on the screen of the controller in the horizontal plane with an altitude indication . mode s in addition to the functions of mode c it provides data transmission as well which contains further aircraft derived data exemple 367 Any map information needed to provide the surveillance service, and (when available) the aircraft identification and level.Any map information needed to provide the surveillance service, and (when available) the aircraft identification and level.

What are the potential dangers of operating an airborne weather radar awr on ?

Question 207-17 : Harm human beings disturb radio communications with atc disturb nearby airport navigation systems cause misalignment of the aircraft’s air data and inertial reference system adirs

Avoid weather radar awr operation when personnel are within the area normally enclosed by the aircraft nose radome these radars can be the most dangerous critters in the cockpit awr work on super high freqencies shf to do what they do and without proper care that energy can be hazardous to you and others around the airplane i e tissues getting damaged exemple 371 Harm human beings.Harm human beings.

What is an advantage of an ssr with a ‘selective addressing mode’ over ?

Question 207-18 : It allows for unambiguous aircraft identification it is independent from airborne and space based systems its range is unrelated to its transmitting power in case of a transponder malfunction the ssr can be used as a primary radar

Mode s.modes a and c are limited to 4096 available codes with an increasing volume of air traffic these systems become prone to interference mode s was invented to overcome these limitations 's' stands for selective addressing which means that a specific aircraft may be interrogated by the controller with selective addressing signal interference is avoided further ensuring system accuracy exemple 375 It allows for unambiguous aircraft identification.It allows for unambiguous aircraft identification.

When using awr in the climb what should be done ?

Question 207-19 : Tilt down tilt right tilt up tilt left

Refer to figure manual tilt managementthe tilt refers to the angle between the antenna beam centreline and the horizon the flight crew should regularly scan the area ahead of the aircraft in order to identify the strongest weather returns the flight crew should tilt the weather radar antenna up and down to obtain a correct display of a storm cell the flight crew must use the tilt knob to point the weather radar beam to the most reflective part of the storm cell use of the weather radar in accordance with the flight phase flight phase tilt control taxi away from ground personnel set the nd to the lowest range – as a rule set 15º up take off in the case of suspected adverse weather conditions manually and gradually tilt up to scan weather maximum 15º up in all other cases set the tilt to 4º up climb adjust the nd range as required and decrease the tilt angle as the aircraft climbs . generally set the tilt 5º to 7º up initially possibly steadily reducing with altitude level flight/cruise adjust the nd range as required regularly modify the tilt to scan weather ahead of the aircraft when the weather scan is completed adjust the tilt so that the ground returns appear on the top of the nd . at high altitude tilt is set to 0º to 0 5º except under adverse weather conditions descent set the tilt to about 5º up approach set the tilt to 4º up – which prevents the display of too many ground returns exemple 379 Tilt downTilt down

What is the difference between a/c all call and a/c/s all call ?

Question 207-20 : Duration of p4 pulse duration p2 pulse presence of p4 pulse amplitude of p4 pulse

Refer to figure .mode a/c all call consists of p1 p2 p3 and short p4 .mode a/c and s consists of p1 p2 p3 and long p4 .. . as you can see in the attached diagram the difference lies in the duration of p4 pulses exemple 383 Duration of p4 pulse.Duration of p4 pulse.

Which statement is correct regarding the airborne weather radar and it autotilt ?

Question 207-21 : It adjusts its tilt according to the altitude it adjusts its tilt according to the bank angle it adjusts its tilt on the ground to avoid harming ground personnel it adjusts its tilt according to the attitude

The flight crew uses four features to operate the radar .. . antenna tilt this is the angle between the centre of the beam and the horizon . . . range control of the nd this has an essential influence on the optimum tilt setting . . . gain control this adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver . . . radar modes weather wx or weather + turbulence wx + t . ..early generation of full manual controlled radars were without auto tilt .honeywell introduced the first weather radar featuring with an automatic tilt computation named autotilt .when in autotilt mode the radar uses the egpws terrain database and automatically adjusts the antenna tilt based on the aircraft position altitude and the selected nd range fig 6 .the next generation of radars fully automatic radars optimize weather detection and decrease significantly the pilots’ workload necessary to understand the complete picture of the weather ahead they included automatic functions which .. . scan airspace ahead of the aircraft with multiple beams. . . feature a three dimensional 3d buffer to store weather data. . . automatically compute and adjust the antenna tilt. . . offer independent pilot control and display selection . ..this kind of radars automatically adjusts the gain and tilt based on various parameters aircraft altitude geographical area season time of the day to obtain the best weather display in each geographic region exemple 387 It adjusts its tilt according to the altitude.It adjusts its tilt according to the altitude.

Which of the following statements is correct about the 'gain' knob of an awr ?

Question 207-22 : It adjusts the receiver sensitivity in order to achieve optimum target acquisition it adjusts the brightness of the display it can be used to activate the automatic gain control of the awr it is used to adjust antenna tilt

Weather radar operationthe flight crew uses four features to operate the radar antenna tilt this is the angle between the centre of the beam and the horizon range control of the nd this has an essential influence on the optimum tilt setting gain control this adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver radar modes weather wx or weather + turbulence wx + t source safetyfirst airbus com/the 'gain' of a radar adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver a high gain high sensitivity means that even very small reflected pulses will show up as returns on the radar screen but this means that the radar screen can easily get too cluttered with very small returns that we do not want to see a low gain will make the radar less sensitive and so only large returns will actually show up on the display changing the gain also changes the sensitivity of the different colour bands which is very useful the gain can be changed in flight for instance when looking at a cumulus cloud that does not look too violent we might be happy to proceed through it if we know which bits are worst within it with standard gain the whole cloud might be green but with the gain set a little higher it may be possible to see the worst patches within it the same goes for a thunderstorm that is huge and all red on the display reducing the gain can give more detail about the weather within exemple 391 It adjusts the receiver sensitivity in order to achieve optimum target acquisition.It adjusts the receiver sensitivity in order to achieve optimum target acquisition.

One of the advantages of the secondary surveillance radar ssr systems over the ?

Question 207-23 : Atc ssr systems can interrogate aircraft transponders and elicit replies atc ssr systems have moving target indicator capability which eliminates clutter so more aircraft can be tracked atc ssr systems permanently interrogate aircraft within range so the tracking is not interrupted atc ssr systems can reply to an aircraft interrogation and provide requested information

One of the biggest differences between a primary surveillance radar psr and a secondary surveillance radar ssr is that the psr relies on the reception of a reflected pulse the echo of the transmitted pulse on the other hand secondary radar ssr receives pulses transmitted by the target in response to interrogation pulses has the ability to interrogate an aircraft using a transponder and elicit replies exemple 395 Atc ssr systems can interrogate aircraft transponders and elicit replies.Atc ssr systems can interrogate aircraft transponders and elicit replies.

Complete the following statement . on a multicolor awr magenta indicates a ?

Question 207-24 : Rainfall intensity lightning intensity turbulence intensity rainfall gradient

Refer to figure .airborne weather radar.airborne weather radar is designed for avoiding severe weather not for penetrating it it detects drops of precipitation such as rain/snow/hail => rainfall intensity therefore do not try to use it to avoid instrument weather associated with clouds and fog – it does not provide any assurance of avoiding ifr weather conditions .reflectivity.weather detection is based on the reflectivity of water droplets the weather echo appears on the navigation display nd with a color scale a typical three color system will be green yellow and red with red being the most severe a typical four color system will be green yellow red and magenta with magenta being the most severe exemple 399 Rainfall intensity.Rainfall intensity.

During the flight you observe that what you saw as one return on your awr ?

Question 207-25 : This is normal since with decreasing range the beam width azimuth will also decrease the awr is malfunctioning and the information cannot be trusted this is due to unwanted returns from contamination on the radome this is a function that shows areas of cat

Refer to figure .airborne weather radar.for efficient target resolution the beamwidth must be as narrow as possible and with decreasing range the beam width azimuth will also decrease as a result two distant clouds might appear as one large return until at a closer range they are displayed correctly as separate entities exemple 403 This is normal since with decreasing range the beam width azimuth will also decrease.This is normal since with decreasing range the beam width azimuth will also decrease.

Regarding the awr what is the shadowing effect ?

Question 207-26 : A cloud behind another cloud which cannot be detected the aircraft’s parts hiding the awr antenna vor signal not received due to man built infrastructures i e buildings reduction of signal strength during transmission

Refer to figure .weather attenuation.the weather radar display depends on signal returns the more intense the precipitation the less distance the radar can see through therefore when the radar echo is unable to make the two way trip through heavy precipitation a 'shadowing' effect occurs .the stronger the rainstorm the more radar energy will be scattered by weather attenuation in simple words radar attenuation is simply the absorption or reflection of radar signals as the radar pulse penetrates an area of precipitation preventing that radar from detecting any additional cells that lie behind the first storm .tip for avoiding shadows to accurately interpret your radar returns aim the tilt on your radar down far enough to paint the ground then look for returns .. . if you see a potential shadow a dark blank area look for a cell in front of the shadow if you see a storm before the shadow avoid it . . . if you don’t see any storm cells in front of the dark area it’s probably not a shadow but may be a large lake or a tall mountain equally disturbing depending on your altitude exemple 407 A cloud behind another cloud which cannot be detected.A cloud behind another cloud which cannot be detected.

How should one avoid a thunderstorm ?

Question 207-27 : Fly on the upwind side of the storm avoiding red and magenta coloured areas on the screen fly 5 nm to the side of the thunderstorm fly through avoiding magenta on your awr fly through turning on the anti icing equipment available

Thunderstorm avoidanceit’s simple airplanes and thunderstorms don’t mix flying through a thunderstorm especially in a light aircraft can be deadly thunderstorms can produce airframe shattering turbulence damaging hail sudden and dramatic wind shear strong gusty winds—sometimes as much as 20 miles from the edge of a cell never regard any thunderstorm lightly according to icao ac 120 88a appendix 1 . avoid any convective activity cbs en route by at least 20 nautical miles hail and severe turbulence can exist well outside of the storm cloud if you plan to deviate around a thunderstorm => fly on the upwind side so that your path does not converge with the path of the storm generally speaking you'll find the best chance for clear smooth air on the upwind side of a thunderstorm do not be tempted to try to fly under a thunderstorm even if you can see through the rain on the other side => besides rain hail and lighting the area under a thunderstorm typically contains severe turbulence including microbursts windshear and downdrafts trying to fly over a developing storm is also dangerous => the rising clouds can usually outclimb your aircraft if your aircraft is equipped with a weather avoidance system such as a weather radar you can use it to avoid thunderstorms you should avoid intense thunderstorms echoes by at least 20 nm airborne weather radar is designed for avoiding severe weather not for penetrating it it detects drops of precipitation therefore do not try to use it to avoid instrument weather associated with clouds and fog – it does not provide any assurance of avoiding ifr weather conditions exemple 411 Fly on the upwind side of the storm, avoiding red and magenta coloured areas on the screen.Fly on the upwind side of the storm, avoiding red and magenta coloured areas on the screen.

Mode s transponders receive interrogations from ?

Question 207-28 : Ssr ground station and tcas ssr ground station and awr ground station mode c transponders and ground stations only

Los 062 03 04 02 09 explain that mode s transponders receive interrogations from tcas and ssr ground stations mode s is a large improvement compared to modes a and c mode s has several further communication capabilities compared to modes a and c transponders in mode a can only provide response including the aircraft identification 4 digit transponder / squawk code transponders in mode c in addition to the identification can also provide an altitude information in the response transponders in mode s can provide all of this information and multitude of additional data such as • callsign . • specific aircraft identification / registration address . • altitude information in 25 ft increments as opposed to 100 ft increments for mode c . • datalink information allowing exchange of atc and flight operations related info between the atc and the aircraft mode s can transmit to ssr stations as well as other aircraft mode s transponders in air to air communication mode may work as traffic avoidance systems however messaging may also become available exemple 415 Ssr ground station and tcas.Ssr ground station and tcas.

State which information can be presented on the atc display system .1 pressure ?

Question 207-29 : 1 2 3 and 4 1 3 and 4 2 4 and 5 1 2 3 and 5

Refer to figures .the information presented in atc display systems is not exactly the same in the first figure we added callsign/id is on the top line and the bottom line contains flight level information on the left and gs multiply by 10 information on the right in the second figure we have added the top line is the same as the information first figure top line and it is clear from the units what the information on the bottom line is although not all of these systems are perfectly identical they display the speed of the airplane as gs not tas los 062 03 04 03 02 state which information can be presented on the atc display system pressure altitude flight level flight number or aircraft registration number gs modern atc systems use digital screens that present controllers with a computer generated display the computer features the mti as well as additional content that may be useful for the controller such as pressure altitude flight level flight number or aircraft registration number andground speed gs exemple 419 1, 2, 3, and 4.1, 2, 3, and 4.

No radar returns are received from an area which is located behind an area ?

Question 207-30 : The weather conditions are unknown the area is clear from precipitation there is less intense precipitation the precipitation is more intense

Refer to figure .weather attenuation.the weather radar display depends on signal returns the more intense the precipitation the less distance the radar can see through therefore when the radar echo is unable to make the two way trip through heavy precipitation a 'shadowing' effect occurs .the stronger the rainstorm the more radar energy will be scattered by weather attenuation in simple words radar attenuation or shadowing is simply the absorption or reflection of radar signals as the radar pulse penetrates an area of precipitation preventing that radar from detecting any additional cells that lie behind the first storm .. the awr is blind to whatever conditions may be lurking behind the thunderstorm in the area where the shadowing occurs conditions are unknown exemple 423 The weather conditions are unknown.The weather conditions are unknown.

Complete the following sentence . the secondary surveillance radar ssr mode s ?

Question 207-31 : 1 ssr modes a and c 2 automatic dependent surveillance broadcast ads b 1 airborne weather radar awr 2 the traffic alert and collision avoidance system tcas 1 distance measuring equipment dme 2 enhanced vertical tracking 1 the radio altimeter 2 ssr mode c

Secondary surveillance radar ssr modes and codes .. mode a interrogator requests position information from the transponder provides solely 2d position information that is presented on the screen of the controller in the horizontal plane . mode c interrogator requests position and pressure altitude information from the transponder provides 3d position information that is presented on the screen of the controller in the horizontal plane with an altitude indication . mode s in addition to the functions of mode c it sends a request for data transmission as well mode s transponders are compatible with mode a and mode c secondary surveillance radar ssr systems in the sense that a mode s interrogator can get replies from mode a and c transponders ..ads b is a next generation surveillance method for aircraft that works as a supplement for the traditional radar based system ads b communication and surveillance further requires identification and selective addressing of aircraft which is done by ssr and mode s transponder technology therefore mode s identification technology supports future air traffic surveillance in the long term exemple 427 (1) ssr modes a and c; (2) automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ads-b).(1) ssr modes a and c; (2) automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ads-b).

What does the mode s provide information to ?

Question 207-32 : Ssr and tcas dme and radio altimeter awr and tcas ssr and ads b

In ssr mode s transponders in aircraft are selectively interrogated by sensors ssr ground stations to perform ranging and bearing as well as to provide enhanced situational awareness with the exchange of binary encoded surveillance information information from mode s transponders can be received from ssr ground stations which have the capability to interrogate a mode s transponder tcas systems also rely on the the mode s data link to detect collision hazards and exchange resolution advisories among each other in ads b the new standard that has become mandatory in most airspaces by 2020 mode s transponders elicit the periodic or event driven transmission of extended squitters ads b messages in order to provide position velocity and identity reports to aircraft and ground stations in range important note we have received multiple feedback supporting the option 'ssr and ads b' however latest feedback feb 22 states that the current correct option is 'ssr and tcas' which possibly indicates that this question has been recently updated by easa please let us know if you come across this question exemple 431 Ssr and tcas.Ssr and tcas.

You are flying in an area with several ts you are flying at fl330 what is the ?

Question 207-33 : Tilt down as ice crystals at this level are not reflective tilt up to see how high the cloud tops are in order to fly over it with a suitable margin tilt up in order to see the holes to fly through in between thunderstorms tilt down to account for the curvature of the earth

Refer to figure .los 062 03 03 05 02 describe appropriate tilt settings in relation to altitude and thunderstorms .manual tilt management.the tilt refers to the angle between the antenna beam centreline and the horizon the flight crew should regularly scan the area ahead of the aircraft in order to identify the strongest weather returns the flight crew should tilt the weather radar antenna up and down to obtain a correct display of a storm cell the flight crew must use the tilt knob to point the weather radar beam to the most reflective part of the storm cell .at high altitude a storm cell may contain ice particles that have low reflectivity if the tilt setting is not correct the nd may display only the upper less reflective part of the storm cell over scanning as a result the flight crew may underestimate or not detect a storm cell at all .. . the pilot would normally keep the tilt at 0º to 0 5º down during high altitude cruise however if there is a thunderstorm in front the pilot would want to turn the tilt down significantly about 5º down to see where the worst part of the storm is and how severe the core of the storm is we believe this is the point they want to get across in this question . .. . . . use of the weather radar in accordance with the flight phase. . . . . flight phase. . . tilt control. . . . . taxi. . . away from ground personnel set the nd to the lowest range – as a rule set 15º up . . . . . take off. . . in the case of suspected adverse weather conditions manually and gradually tilt up to scan weather maximum 15º up in all other cases set the tilt to 4º up . . . . . climb. . . adjust the nd range as required and decrease the tilt angle as the aircraft climbs . generally set the tilt 5º to 7º up initially possibly steadily reducing with altitude . . . . . level flight/cruise. . . adjust the nd range as required regularly modify the tilt to scan weather ahead of the aircraft when the weather scan is completed adjust the tilt so that the ground returns appear on the top of the nd . at high altitude tilt is set to 0º to 0 5º except under adverse weather conditions . . . . . descent. . . set the tilt to about 5º up . . . . . approach. . . set the tilt to 4º up – which prevents the display of too many ground returns exemple 435 Tilt down as ice crystals at this level are not reflective.Tilt down as ice crystals at this level are not reflective.

Mode s transponders can provide vertical tracking by using a altitude ?

Question 207-34 : 25 ft 35 ft 50 ft 100 ft

Vertical performance.mode c provides pressure altitude information in addition to identification and position information compared to mode a the transponder message is reported in 100 feet increments which should be considered in terms of vertical separaction by atc .mode s has significantly better performance compared to mode c in terms of updating controller with altitude data the altitude may be reported with an accuracy of 25 feet exemple 439 25 ft25 ft

Which of the following statements in reference to the display of aircraft on a ?

Question 207-35 : Both the range and bearing to the aircraft can be estimated simultaneously both the range and bearing to the aircraft can be estimated but not simultaneously only the bearing to the aircraft can be estimated only the range to the aircraft can be estimated

Refer to figure .primary surveillance radar psr .the psr output data uses polar coordinate system it provides range and bearing of the targets found in respect of the antenna position these are acquired simultaneously note that the range is the slant distance from the antenna and not the horizontal distance .the range is determined by the time difference of the emitted and received pulse the speed of propagation is the speed of light and the bearing is obtained from the antenna azimuth the rotation speed of the antenna is usually between 5 and 12 rpm exemple 443 Both the range and bearing to the aircraft can be estimated simultaneously.Both the range and bearing to the aircraft can be estimated simultaneously.

What aircraft system will reply to ssr interrogations ?

Question 207-36 : Mode s transponder automatic dependant surveillance broadcast ads b air data computer adc flight management computer fmc

062 03 04 02 09 explain that mode s transponders receive interrogations from tcas and ssr ground stations the secondary surveillance radar ssr is a surveillance radar system which uses transmitters/receivers interrogators and transponders the radar antenna rotates and transmits a pulse which is received by the onboard equipment transponder the transponder sends back a reply containing at least a code if operating in mode a but more often this is combined with level mode c or other information e g aircraft identification selected level etc mode s the information received depends on the interrogation mode a c or s and the transponder capability the ssr relies on the onboard equipment to discover aircraft in case of transponder failure the ssr will receive no reply and will therefore not discover the target exemple 447 Mode s transponderMode s transponder

When in the wx+t mode what is the airborne weather radar able to detect ?

Question 207-37 : Turbulence by looking for a frequency shift in combination with pulse flattening clear air turbulence at cruising altitude by using doppler techniques with an increased prf pulse repetition frequency thunderstorms with strong updraft and downdraft by measuring static emitted from lightning turbulent clouds by looking for ice crystals in the upper part of a thunderstorm at a reduced wavelength

Wx t mode this mode stands for weather plus turbulence and enables display of weather targets with turbulence information overlaid on the nd turbulence is displayed in magenta the turb function is on most weather radars only active within a range of 40 nm doppler measurement capability and should only be used in wet turbulence .. activating the turbulence mode means the radar will not just be looking at where the return pulses come from and their distance but also any frequency shift in the returning pulse if the frequency has changed then the thing the pulse bounced off must itself be moving which in turn implies movement of the air and turbulence note that pulses must have something to bounce off ideally large droplets they cannot detect clear air turbulence exemple 451 Turbulence by looking for a frequency shift in combination with pulse flattening.Turbulence by looking for a frequency shift in combination with pulse flattening.

The following system s can report an aircraft’s altitude to a precision of 25 ?

Question 207-38 : A mode s transponder mode a and mode s transponders a mode c transponder and primary radar mode c and mode s transponders

Vertical performance.mode c provides pressure altitude information in addition to identification and position information compared to mode a the transponder message is reported in 100 feet increments which should be considered in terms of vertical separaction by atc .mode s has significantly better performance compared to mode c in terms of updating controller with altitude data the altitude may be reported with an accuracy of 25 feet exemple 455 A mode s transponder.A mode s transponder.

The airborne weather radar awr is displayed on a coloured screen showing the ?

Question 207-39 : Fly on the upwind side of the thunderstorm and avoid red or magenta coloured areas the areas that have the worst precipitation are coloured yellow and they should be avoided at all times fly towards the area where the contours are the steepest and avoid any areas that are yellow aim to avoid the thunderstorm by at least 5nm so as to avoid any turbulence

Airborne weather radardepending on the returning echoes the reflectivity of the area defines the amount of water droplets present therefore the differing intensity of expected precipitation is presented to the pilot with colour codes the painted colours dependent on the water concentration are as follows colourwater concentrationexpected turbulencegreenlightnone or lightyellowmoderatelightredheavymedium or severemagentaheavy or iceseveregenerally speaking you'll find the best chance for clear smooth air on the upwind side of a thunderstorm exemple 459 Fly on the upwind side of the thunderstorm and avoid red or magenta coloured areas.Fly on the upwind side of the thunderstorm and avoid red or magenta coloured areas.

How will an ssr interrogation be directed toward a specific aircraft ?

Question 207-40 : With a unique 24 bit address in the interrogation controller pilot data link communications cpdlc will reply with a unique aircraft identifier by limiting the beam width of the ssr transmission the ssr interrogation is directed to the aircraft’s position

062 03 04 02 11 state that every aircraft is allocated an icao aircraft address which is hard coded into the mode s transponder mode s address .062 03 04 02 12 explain that a 24 bit address is used in all mode s transmissions so that every interrogation can be directed to a specific aircraft mode smodes a and c are limited to 4096 available codes with an increasing volume of air traffic these systems become prone to interference mode s was invented to overcome these limitations 's' stands for selective addressing which means that a specific aircraft my be interrogated by the controller one of the main features of mode s is the availability of codes the aircraft address code will be made up of a 24 bit code considering a 24 bit binary code it provides over 16 million 224 = 16 777 216 possible hard coded individual addresses to be allocated mode s differs from modes a and c due to the additional data message up to 112 bits that is transmitted via interrogation exemple 463 With a unique 24-bit address in the interrogation.With a unique 24-bit address in the interrogation.

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