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Question 83-1 : Given..container size length x width x height 0.8 x 0.8 x 0.8 m..container has 2 supports 0.2 m each in longitudinal direction..maximum running load 1915 kg/m..calculate the maximum total mass of the loaded container without exceeding the maximum permissible running load ? [ Control visibility ]
766 kg.
If the maximum running load is 1915 kg 1915 kg per 1 m in longitudinal direction , we need to convert this value down to both ground supports.2 x 0.2 m = 0.4 m...the total length of both ground supports is 0.4 m = the total load is pressing down on a running load length of 0.4 m...1915 kg x 0.4m = 766 kg.
Question 83-2 : From the pilot's flight manual, determine the maximum total volume of fuel which can be loaded into the standard tank version. 1064 ?
2367 l.
Read the question carefully if it is asking for mass or volume..total volume of fuel 487 + 405 + 236 + 324 + 246 + 423 + 246 = 2367 litres...total mass of fuel 2367 x 0.79 = 1870 kg.
Question 83-3 : The basic advantage of standard size containers ?
Standard size containers are designed to fit and lock into the cargo compartment for maximum space efficiency.
Question 83-4 : From the pilot's flight manual, determine the maximum total mass of fuel which can be loaded into the standard tank version. 1064 ?
1870 kg.
Read the question carefully if it is asking for mass or volume..total volume of fuel 487 + 405 + 236 + 324 + 246 + 423 + 246 = 2367 litres...total mass of fuel 2367 x 0.79 = 1870 kg.
Question 83-5 : The maximum floor loading of the cargo compartment is specified to be 732 kg/m²..which is the smallest given pallet size acceptable to load a box of 826 kg ?
1.2 m x 1.2 m.
Floor loading limit 732 kg/m² ==> you can put maximum 732 kg to 1 m². that's the limit...you have 826 kg to load. so yo need more than 1 m² space and it's ==> 826/732= 1.13 m²..if you put 826 kg evenly on 1.13 m² it will be ok..so minimum pallet size should be 1.13 m²..pallets.1.25 m x 1.25 m ==> 1.56 m² ==> acceptable.1.3 m x 1.3 m ==> 1.69 m²==> acceptable.1.2 m x 1.2 m ==> 1.44 m²==> acceptable.1.05 m x 1.05 m ==> 1.10 m²==> not acceptable..question asks smallest pallet..smallest one among acceptable pallets is ==> 1.2 m x 1.2 m ==> 1.44 m²
Question 83-6 : The term 'landing mass' at destination is defined as ?
Final reserve fuel, alternate fuel, contingency fuel plus zero fuel mass.
Question 83-7 : Determine the take off mass tom for the following single engine aeroplane...standard empty mass 1764 lbs.optional equipment 35 lbs.pilot + front seat passenger 300 lbs.cargo mass 350 lbs.fuel quantity at brakes release 60 gal..trip fuel 35 gal..fuel density 6 lbs/gal. ?
2809 lbs.
Take off mass = 1764 + 35 + 300 + 350 + 6 x 60..take off mass = 2809 lbs
Question 83-8 : Refer to figure 031 15..calculate the maximum fuel mass for the centre tank in pounds ?
15450 lbs.
The maximum mass of fuel in the centre tank is 7008 kg. convert this value into pounds to get 15450 lbs 1kg = 2.2 lbs.
Question 83-9 : What is the reason for cargo loads to be tied down ?
Preventing such loads from moving and to remain within the cg limits of the aircraft.
Question 83-10 : The structural limitation of a baggage compartment is 50 lb/ft. a load has a mass of 320 kg and has to be distributed over an area of at least ?
1.31 m².
1 m = 3.28 ft therefore 1 m² = 10.76 ft²..convert the limitation of 50 lb/ft² to kg and m²..50 lb = 22.68 kg..10.76 ft² x 22.68 kg = 244 kg/10.76 ft² or 244 kg/m²..the mass given by the question is 320 kg. to find the distribution we need to use the rule of proportion to find the aera for a mass of 320 kg..1m² / 244 kg x 320 kg = 1.31 m²
Question 83-11 : The maximum structural landing mass means the maximum permissible… ?
Total aeroplane mass upon landing under normal circumstances.
Maximum structural landing mass mslm is the maximum permissible total aeroplane mass on landing in normal circumstances. it generally depends on the landing gear strength or the landing impact loads on certain parts of the wing structure...the maximum landing weight is typically designed for 10 feet per second 600 feet per minute sink rate at touch down with no structural damage...maximum structural take off mass mstom is the maximum permissible total aeroplane mass at the start of the take off run...maximum structural taxi mass is the structural limitation of the mass of the aeroplane at commencement of taxi...maximum zero fuel mass mzfm is the maximum permissible mass of an aeroplane with no usable fuel.
Question 83-12 : Given the following information for an aircraft, what is its maximum traffic load available dry operating mass 3000 kg.maximum take off, landing, and zero fuel mass 5200 kg.ramp fuel 650 kg.taxi fuel 50 kg ?
1600 kg.
Since all structural limits are identical and all of them contain at least the dom, the most limiting factor is the mtom, because, in addition to the dom, it contains also the greatest amount of fuel, the take off fuel in comparison with the landing fuel , which if subtracted will give the maximum available traffic load.thus, the maximum available tl will be mtom dom take off fuel = mtom dom ramp fuel taxi fuel = 5200 kg 3000 kg 650 kg 50 kg = 1600 kg.alternatively, using a tabular format, find the maximum tl in terms of each structural limit and keep the lowest one mtom 5200 kgmzfm 5200 kgmlm 5200 kg dom3000 kg3000 kg3000 kg fuelt/o fuel.650 50 = 600 kg landing fuel.less than 600 kg= tl1600 kg2200 kgmore than 1600 kg.thus, the lowest tl, 1600 kg, in terms of mtom, is the maximum available tl.
Question 83-13 : Which of the following corresponds to zero fuel mass ?
The take off mass of an aeroplane minus all usable fuel.
Zero fuel mass zfm of an aircraft is the total mass of the airplane and all its contents, minus the total mass of the usable fuel on board...zero fuel mass include..1 dry operating mass...2 traffic load.
Question 83-14 : Which person is entitled to request the uplift of extra fuel ?
The commander.
Important note the modifications resulting from the updated fuel policy regulations, which came into effect on october 30, 2022, are only changes in wording but nothing really new. the terminology 'extra fuel' has been replaced with 'discretionary fuel.' easa has clarified that the calculations and procedures pertaining to fuel calculations will remain unchanged, and there will be no inquiries regarding the 'new extra fuel' concept. extra fuel, include anticipated delays or specific operational constraints that can be predicted discretionary fuel, include a quantity at the sole discretion of the commanderfor reference, additional information can be found in easa's air ops documentation. it appears that easa has not yet revised this question. please inform us if you encounter it in your official exam. in such instances, based on the previous regulation, the commander is responsible for reviewing the mass and balance of the airplane before takeoff and ensure the safety of the flight, he can request uplifting of extra fuel onboard if he see theres is a need for that.
Question 83-15 : Given dry operating mass 29 800 kg.maximum take off mass 52 400 kg.maximum zero fuel mass 43 100 kg.maximum landing mass 46 700 kg.trip fuel 4000 kg.fuel quantity at brakes release 8000 kgthe maximum traffic load is… ?
12 900 kg
To determine the maximum traffic load..we need to identify the actual takeoff mass, the smallest of maximum take off mass 52 400 kgmaximum landing mass + trip fuel 46 700 + 4000 = 50 700 kgmaximum zero fuel mass + takeoff fuel 43 100 + 8000 = 51 100 kg taxi fuel not mentioned so we have to consider block fuel as take off fuel maximum allowable take off mass = 50700 kgtake off mass = dom + traffic load + takeoff fuel.traffic load = takeoff mass — dom — takeoff fueltraffic load = 50 700 — 29 800 — 8000 = 12 900 kg
Question 83-16 : The dry operating mass includes… ?
Crew and crew baggage, catering, removable passenger service equipment, potable water and lavatory chemicals.
Dry operating mass dom it is the total mass of the aeroplane ready for a specific type of operation excluding usable fuel and traffic load...beside the bem, dom includes items such as..1 crew and crew baggage...2 catering and removable passenger service equipment...3 potable water and lavatory chemicals...4 food and beverages.
Question 83-17 : The operating mass of an aircraft is… ?
Dry operating mass plus the take off fuel mass.
.operating mass om it is the dom plus takeoff fuel but without traffic load. it can be thought of as wet operating mass as opposed to dom.traffic load it is the total mass of passengers, baggage and cargo, including any 'non revenue' load like spare parts etc
Question 83-18 : Traffic load is the… ?
Zero fuel mass minus dry operating mass.
.traffic load the total mass of passengers, baggage and cargo, including any ’non revenue’ load.traffic load = zero fuel mass — dry operating mass
Question 83-19 : Determine the take off mass for the following single engine aeroplane. given basic empty mass 1799 lb.pilot + front seat passenger 300 lb.cargo mass 350 lb.ramp fuel = block fuel 60 gal.trip fuel 35 gal.fuel density 6 lb/gal.taxi fuel 10 lb ?
2799 lb
Take off mass = basic empty mass + crew + traffic load + take off fuel.take off fuel = block off fuel taxi fuel in this question only taxi fuel is given in pounds convert block off fuel volume to mass.60 gallon = 60 x 6 = 360 lb.take off fuel = block off fuel taxi fuel.take off fuel = 360 10 = 350 lbtake off mass = 1799 + 300 + 350 + 350 = 2799 lb
Question 83-20 : Given basic empty mass 1799 lb.pilot + front seat passenger 300 lb.cargo mass 350 lb.ramp fuel = block fuel 60 gal.trip fuel 35 gal.fuel density 6 lb/gal..determine the zero fuel mass. ?
2449 lb
Dom = bem + crew mass = 1799 + 300 = 2099 lb..zfm = dom + traffic load = 2099 + 350 = 2449 lb
Question 83-21 : Given basic empty mass 1799 lb.pilot + passenger 300 lb.cargo 350 lb, ramp fuel block fuel 60 gal.trip fuel 35 gal.taxi fuel 1.7 gal.final reserve fuel 18 gal.fuel density 6 lb/gal..what is the expected landing mass ?
2589 lb
Takeoff fuel volume = block off fuel — taxi fuel = 60 — 1.7 = 58.3 us gallon..takeoff fuel mass = volume x density = 58.3 x 6 = 350 lb..trip fuel mass = 35 x 6 = 210 lb..landing fuel = takeoff fuel — trip fuel = 350 — 210 = 140 lb..landing mass = bem + pilot & passenger + cargo + landing fuel..landing mass = 1799 + 300 + 350 + 140 = 2589 lb
Question 83-22 : With respect to aeroplane loading in the planning phase, which of the following statements is always correct..lm = landing mass..tom = take off mass..mtom = maximum take off mass..zfm = zero fuel mass..mzfm = maximum zero fuel mass..dom = dry operating mass ?
Lm = tom – trip fuel
Lets analyse options to get the correct answer..1 mzfm = tl + dom wrong..that will be true in case of zfm not mzfm, as tl + dom doesn’t have to be equal to mzfm every time...2 lm = tom — trip fuel correct..always landing mass in normal conditions equal the mass of airplane at takeoff minus the fuel consumed during the flight...3 mtom = zfm + full tank fuel mass wrong..zfm + fuel tank mass will equal tom not mtom...4 reserve fuel = tom — trip fuel wrong..tom trip fuel = landing mass.
Question 83-23 : For a particular aeroplane, the structural maximum mass without any fuel on board, other than unusable quantities, is… ?
A fixed value which is stated in the aeroplane operating manual.
Maximum zero fuel mass mzfm is the maximum mass allowed before usable fuel and other specified usable agents engine injection fluid, and other consumable propulsion agents are loaded in defined sections of the aircraft as limited by strength and airworthiness requirements defined by the manufacturer and listed in the operating manual as fixed value.the mzfm is a structural limit based on the bending moments of the wing root.
Question 83-24 : Traffic load is the difference between… ?
The take off mass and the operating mass.
.traffic load is the total mass of passengers, baggage, cargo and any non revenue load. the mass of passengers and their baggage can be found by using actual weights or standard masses. the mass of the cargo and non revenue load must be determined by weighing.traffic load is the difference between take off mass and the operating mass.
Question 83-25 : The flight preparation of a turbojet aeroplane provides the following data..take off runway limitation 185 000 kg..landing runway limitation 180 000 kg..planned trip fuel 11 500 kg..take off fuel 20 000 kg..knowing that maximum take off mass mtom 212 000 kg..maximum landing mass mlm 174 000 ?
54 000 kg
To tidy up the information given in the question... the regulated take off mass is the lowest of the structural and performance limits. in the same way, the regulated landing mass is the lowest of the structural and performance limits. take off fuel is 20 000 kg. no mention of block or taxi fuel....using the regular table... . . rtom. rlm 174 000 kg. mzfm 164 000 kg. . . . + trip fuel 11 500 kg. + take off fuel 20 000 kg. . . 185 000 kg. 185 500 kg. 184 000 kg. . .....184 000 kg is our limiting take off mass.... take off mass dry operating mass dom take off fuel = traffic load. 184 000 kg 110 000 kg 20 000 kg = 54 000 kg available for traffic load....note in this question the answer ultimately is... maximum traffic load = maximum zero fuel mass dry operating mass...this is not always the case and for these questions, as in real life, you should always create the table with the 3 potential take off masses.
Question 83-26 : The traffic load is defined as… ?
The total mass of passengers, baggage and cargo, including any non revenue load
Traffic load the total mass of passengers, baggage and cargo, including any non revenue load.after the fuel required has been decided for a particular flight the traffic load may be calculated, taking into account the following aircraft structural limitations dry operating mass.maximum structural take off mass.maximum structural landing mass.maximum zero fuel mass.
Question 83-27 : Given basic empty mass = 5300 kg.dry operating mass = 5500 kg.zero fuel mass = 5980 kg.take off mass = 7980 kg..what is the traffic load ?
480 kg
Traffic load = zero fuel mass — dry operating mass. traffic load = 5980 — 5500 = 480 kg
Question 83-28 : Given maximum structural take off mass 8350 kg.maximum structural landing mass 8350 kg.zero fuel mass 6210 kg.taxi fuel 10 kg.contingency fuel 90 kg.alternate fuel 300 kg.final reserve fuel 400 kg.trip fuel 780 kg..the expected landing mass at destination will be… ?
7000 kg
1 take off fuel = 780 trip + 90 conti + 300 alternate + 400 final res => 1570 kg2 take off mass tom = 6210 zfm + 1570 take off fuel => 7780 kg3 expected landing mass lm = 7 780 tom 780 trip fuel => 7000 kg
Question 83-29 : Given zero fuel mass 4920 kg.trip fuel 880 kg.block fuel 1330 kg.taxi fuel 25 kg..the actual take off mass is equal to… ?
6225 kg
The actual take off mass is the mass of the aircraft at the start of the take off run and equal to the zero fuel mass zfm plus the take off fuel.the take off fuel is the fuel mass of the aircraft at the start of the take off run and equal to the block ramp fuel minus the taxi fuel 1330 kg 25 kg = 1305 kg.thus, the actual take off mass is zfm + take off fuel = 4920 kg + 1305 kg = 6225 kg.
Question 83-30 : Given zero fuel mass 4770 kg.trip fuel 1040 kg.block fuel 1960 kg.taxi fuel 20 kg..the actual take off mass is equal to… ?
6710 kg
Take off fuel = block fuel — taxi fuel = 1960 — 20 = 1940 kgtake off mass = zero fuel mass + take off fuel = 4770 + 1940 = 6710 kg
Question 83-31 : Given..zero fuel mass 6660 kg..trip fuel 990 kg..block fuel 1540 kg..taxi fuel 25 kg..the actual take off mass is equal to… ?
8175 kg
..from the question we can calculate the take off fuel... block fuel taxi fuel = take off fuel. 1540 kg 25 kg = 1515 kg...the trip fuel of 990 kg is not needed for this question...actual take off mass = zfm + take off fuel..actual take off mass = 6660 + 1515 = 8175 kg
Question 83-32 : Take off mass minus trip fuel mass results in the… ?
Landing mass.
Landing mass equal takeoff mass minus the fuel consumed during flight trip fuel.remember we only minus the trip fuel not any other fuel for calculation.correct answer landing mass.
Question 83-33 : The following data for a flight of a twin engine jet aircraft are provided for the calculation..maximum landing mass = 51 300 kg..maximum allowable take off mass = 56 300 kg..dry operating mass = 29 100 kg..load = 11 700 kg..trip fuel = 3000 kg..cont. fuel = 215 kg..final reserve fuel = 1250 ?
7735 kg.
Zfm = dom 29 100 kg + load 11 700 kg = 40 800 kgtake off fuel tof = tf 3000 kg + cf 215 kg + fr 1250 kg + af 1300 kg = 5765 kgtom = zfm 40 800 kg + tof 5765 kg = 46 565 kgmaximum landing mass 51 300 kg + tf 3000 kg = 54 300 kg this mass must not be exceeded.54 300 kg is lower than the maximum allowable tom of 56 300 kg, therefore 54 300 kg is limiting.possible extra fuel = 54 300 kg 46 565 kg = 7735 kgnote don't forget that the taxi fuel is not part of the take off fuel the take off fuel is the fuel contained at the beginning of the take off on the runway. at this location, taxi fuel has already been burned off. if you add the taxi fuel, your result would be 7535 kg one of the wrong answers.
Question 83-34 : The landing mass at destination is defined as the sum of… ?
Zero fuel mass, final reserve fuel, alternate fuel and contingency fuel.
At the beginning of the take off run, the mass of the airplane equal.dry operating mass + traffic load + take off fuel trip + contingency + alternate + final reserve during the flight in normal circumstances, trip fuel is burned which leave us on landing with the rest of masses included in the takeoff.dry operating mass + traffic load + contingency fuel + alternate fuel + final reserve fueldry operating mass + traffic load = zero fuel massso.landing mass = zero fuel mass + contingency fuel + alternate fuel + final feserve fuel
Question 83-35 : During the pre flight preparation, the pilot calculates an amount of 27.5 us gallons for refuelling, which equals… ?
104 litres.
1 us gallon = 3.785 l..27.5 ys gallons = 27.5 x 3.785 = 104 litres.
Question 83-36 : During the pre flight preparation, the pilot calculates a take off fuel of 53 us gallons. considering a fuel density of 6 lb per us gallon, this equals… ?
144 kg.
Fuel volume = 53 us gallon..fuel mass in pounds = 53 x 6 = 318 lb..1 kg = 2.205 lb..x kg = 318 lb..mass in kg = 318 / 2.205 = 144 kg
Question 83-37 : Which of the following statements best describes the 'regulated landing mass' ' ?
The lowest of the performance limited landing mass and structural limited landing mass.
Performance limited landing mass pllm is the landing mass subject to the destination aerodrome limitations...maximum structural landing mass mslm is the maximum permissible total aeroplane mass on landing in normal circumstances...regulated landing mass rlm is the lowest of the ’performance limited’ and ’structural limited’ landing mass.
Question 83-38 : Given fuel volume 3800 us gallons.fuel density 0.79 kg/l..the fuel mass is… ?
11 364 kg.
First we change from us gallon to litres.1 us gallon = 3.785 litres.3800 us gallon = 3800 x 3.7855 = 14 385 litresmass = volume x density.fuel mass = 14 385 x 0.79 = 11 364 kg
Question 83-39 : Considering only structural limitations, on long distance flights at the aeroplane maximum range , the traffic load is normally limited by… ?
The maximum take off mass.
For long distance flights airplanes are usually mstom as it has high amount of trip fuel which force us to decrease the zfm so it’s not mzfm limited , and also not mslm limited as after that huge amount of trip fuel consumption, airplane will be below it’s mslm at landing...correct answer maximum take off mass.
Question 83-40 : The term 'maximum zero fuel mass' mzfm consists of… ?
The maximum permissible mass of an aeroplane with no usable fuel.
The maximum zero fuel mass mzfm is the maximum mass allowed before usable fuel and other specified usable agents engine injection fluid, and other consumable propulsion agents are loaded in defined sections of the aircraft as limited by strength and airworthiness requirements.maximum zero fuel mass mzfm is the maximum permissible mass of an aeroplane with no usable fuel.
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