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Question 93-1 : A 5m rope is attached around a pivot. a man a user pulls a force of 400 newton on the longest side of the rope located at 3 m of the pivot. what load must be pull in the opposite direction to balance the forces ? [ Deepen EASA ]
400 n.
400 n in one direction... 400 n in the other.
Question 93-2 : A 3 m long plank is on a pivot located at 1m of the left side. a user applies a 400 n force on the end of the left side. to be in balance, what force must be apply on the opposite side ?
200 n.
1m x 400 n = 2m x n.400 / 2 = 200 n.
Question 93-3 : Which pallet can be loaded in a hold whose maximum linear floor loading is 630 kg/ml ?
1.2 x 1.2m, mass 700 kg.
We have to convert each container to a 1m running load..700 / 1.1 = 636kg/ml.760 / 1.1 = 690kg/ml.700 / 1.2 = 583kg/ml less than 630 kg/ml.760 / 1.2 = 633kg/ml
Question 93-4 : Which of the following statements about loading is correct ?
Containers can be connected directly to the aircraft and each container has its own manifest.
Baggage and cargo can be loaded into standard size containers designed to fit and lock into the cargo compartment. the containers have an individual maximum mass limit and an individual floor loading limit mass per unit aera. each container has its own manifest.
Question 93-5 : Rush bags, last minute baggage and cabin crew baggage is held in/on ?
Bulk cargo.
Question 93-6 : The maximum floor loading for a cargo compartment is given as 70 kg/m²..a package with a mass of 0,126 ton is to be loaded..assuming the pallet base is entirely in contact with the floor, which of the following is the minimum size pallet that can be used ?
1.8 m².
126 kg / 70 kg/m² = 1.8 m².
Question 93-7 : Crew baggage is considered to be ?
Variable load.
Crew baggage is a variable load and is usually put in the cargo compartment as bulk load.
Question 93-8 : Which of the following can be considered as bulk cargo ?
Baggage from late arrival passengers and crew hand baggage.
Question 93-9 : Which of the listed types of cargo can be found in a bulk cargo compartment ?
Late arrival and crew baggage.
Bulk cargo is loaded loose and restrained typically by a net, i.e. this area of the hold does not use standard containers, such as unit load devices ulds or pallets. items that are loaded in bulk typically include rush bagslate arrival bagscrew bagspushchairs, wheel chairs etcalthough live animals are sometimes loaded in bulk, they can also be loaded in specialised containers, such as for race horses, cattle etc. sometimes animals travel in the cabin, such as guide dogs and certainly pet animals are in the cabin on private jets. so although there is some merit for this answer option, it does not always apply.
Question 93-10 : Palletised cargo.. ?
Consists of multiple cargo boxes on pallets stored in the cargo holds.
A pallet is essentially a large metal tray that fits into the aircraft and can be secured easily by latches in the aircraft's flooring. the benefit of a pallet is that it can be used to carry large or odd shaped pieces of cargo. indeed, several pallets can be used together to carry larger items such as cars.any cargo on the pallet must be secured however, and this is normally done with straps or netting which is placed over the cargo and secured to the pallet. looking at the answers 'has fallen out of use due to the lack of protection' > incorrect. although a pallet does not offer the same protection as a unit load device uld it will always have a use for odd shaped or large cargo.'consists of multiple cargo boxes on pallets stored in the cargo holds' > correct. as described above and also shown in the figure.'consists of passenger baggage on pallets stored in the cargo holds' > incorrect. pallets are used for odd shaped or large cargo items. passenger bags are loaded in uld's or loose in bulk.'can be loaded without specific loading equipment' > incorrect. the pallets and their cargo are heavy and large, and require specialist lifting devices to place in and out of the aircraft. considering a cargo aircraft, the floor is also designed with special roller beds and ball bearings to allow the pallets to be moved inside the aircraft.
Question 93-11 : Regarding the securing of traffic load, which of the following answers is correct ?
During flight, containers and pallets are permitted to remain on rollers within tracks, provided they are secured by latches.
Containers are usually big on size, there's rollers in the airplane to facilitate the movement of the cargo so they can be easily moved by hand while loading or unloading the airplane...containers are allowed to remain on those rollers within tracks, provided they are secured by latches that restrain them from movement during any stage of the flight as movement of the containers are very dangerous and cause movement of centre of gravity which can lead to serious circumstances.
Question 93-12 : Assuming a baggage compartment with a structural limitation of 32 lb/sq ft, a mass of 200 kg has to be distributed over an area of.. ?
1.28 m2.
As the answers option in m2 so we need to convert the limitation from lb / ft2 to kg /m2.1 lb = 0.453 kg.32 lb = 0.453 x 32 = 14.5 kgaccording to limitation we can fit 14.5 kg in one square feet.now we need to know how many kg we can fit in one square meter.1 m2 = 10.76 ft2.kg that can fit in square meter = 14.5 x 10.76 = 156 kg / m2.to fit the package of 200 kg we need 200 / 156 = 1.28 m2
Question 93-13 : The maximum intensity floor loading for an aeroplane is given in the flight manual as 650 kg per square metre. what is the maximum mass of a package which can be safely supported on a pallet with dimensions of 80 cm by 80 cm ?
416 kg
There are two floor loading limits to be considered.. the distribution load intensity, either floor area or contact area.. the running linear load...the maximum distribution load intensity is the maximum static mass per unit area, which the floor is designed to continuously carry and can be calculated by dividing the maximum load by the floor area it covers or the contact area maximum distribution load intensity = max load / contact or floor area...solving the above the formula for max load, we get max load = maximum distribution load intensity x floor area = 650 kg/m2 x 0.80 m 2 = 416 kg.
Question 93-14 : The floor of the main cargo hold is limited to 4 000 n/m². it is planned to load a cubic container each side of which measures 0.5 m. it's maximum gross mass must not exceed assume g = 10 m/s² ?
100 kg
Floor loads and aircraft weights are occasionally given in newtons n. a newton is a unit of a force and 1 kg equates to 9.81 n, or roughly 10 n...the conversion factor 'assume g = 10 m/s²', means 'assume there are 10 n in a kilogram'...thus, the distribution load intensity can be converted from n/m2 into kg/m2 4 000 n/m² / 10 = 400 kg/m2...there are two floor loading limits to be considered... the distribution load intensity, either floor area or contact area.. the running linear load....the maximum distribution load intensity is the maximum static mass per unit area, which the floor is designed to continuously carry and can be calculated by dividing the maximum load by the floor area it covers or the contact area maximum distribution load intensity = max load / contact or floor area...solving the above the formula for max load, we get max load = maximum distribution load intensity x contact area = 400 kg/m2 x 0.5 m 2 = 100 kg.
Question 93-15 : Which one of the following shipments can be loaded in a cargo compartment with a floor loading of 70 kg/m² all pallets are in direct contact with the cargo floor. ?
600 kg on a pallet sized 3 m x 3 m
Floor loading limit 70 kg / m2check every shipment if exceed limitation or not a. 500 / 1 x 1 = 500 kg / m2 exceed the limit b. 500 / 2 x 2 = 125 kg / m2 exceed the limit c. 600 / 3 x 3 = 66.7 kg / m2 within the limit d. 600 / 2 x 2 = 150 kg / m2 exceed the limit
Question 93-16 : A container is loaded so that the floor contact area is 0.12 m². calculate the maximum mass of the container, given that the maximum permissible floor load of the cargo compartment is 700 kg/m². ?
84 kg
Maximum permissible floor load 700 kg / m2..container contact area 0.12 m2..maximum mass of the container = 0.12 x 700 = 84 kg
Question 93-17 : A container has a floor contact area of 1.44 m². given that the maximum permissible floor load of the cargo compartment, which is 732 kg/m², must be respected, what is the maximum mass that can be loaded in the container ?
1054 kg
Floor contact area 1.44 m..maximum permissable load 732 kg/ m2..our container is 1.44 m2 and we can load 732 in 1 m2..maximum mass that can be loaded in the container = 1.44 x 732 = 1054 kg
Question 93-18 : A container has a base area of 1.44 m2...the container is loaded on two ground supports of negligible mass , each having floor contact dimensions of 0.2 m x 1.2 m...given that the maximum permissible floor load of the cargo compartment, which is 732 kg/m2, must be respected, what is the maximum mass ?
351 kg
We need to find the area which is in direct contact with the floor both ground supports..2 × 1.2 × 0.2 = 0.48 m2..the maximum permissible floor load is given 732 kg/m2. convert this value to the area of the ground supports..732 kg / 1 m2 × 0.48 m2 = 351.36 kg closest answer = 351 kg
Question 93-19 : A box weighing 300 kg has dimensions of 1 m x 1.5 m x 0.6 m. it needs to be loaded in a cargo hold compartment with a maximum running load of 257.9 kg/m. indicate the side of the box that should be placed on the floor along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. ?
The side that is 1.5 m long.
The running load is limited in order to protect the aircraft's flooring. for running load... minimum length required = mass of the box kg / limit kg/m. 300 / 257.9 = 1.16 metres...as this is more than one metre, the box can only be placed on the 1.5 m long side.
Question 93-20 : A cubic container whose sides all measure 0.8 m is planned to be loaded in a cargo compartment with a maximum running load of 1915 kg/m. the container shall be loaded on two ground supports of negligible mass having a length in the direction of the flight of 0.2 m each...given that the maximum ?
766 kg
Maximum running load per meter = 1915 kg..container will be carried on two ground support each of them is 0.2 m..container contact with ground = 0.4 m..maximum mass of the container = 0.4 x 1915 = 766 kg
Question 93-21 : The floor loading of a cargo compartment is 732 kg/m². of the options listed, which is the smallest pallet size that is acceptable for loading a box of 806 kg ?
1.2 m x 1.2 m
Floor loading each square metre can carry 732 kg..loading box 806 kg = we need more than 1 square metre..this eliminates 2 answers immediately, without touching the calculator...... 0.8 m x 0.8 m too small. 1.0 m x 1.0 m too small...to calculate the minimum size of the pallet that can load 806 kg = 806 / 732 = 1.1 m2..looking at the remaining answer options... 1.2 m x 1.2 m = 1.44 m2 meets the requirements. 1.4 m x 1.4 m = 1.96 m2 meets the requirements but is too big...smallest pallet size that can be used 1.2 m x 1.2 m
Question 93-22 : Calculate the maximum mass that can be loaded on a pallet sized 1.2 m x 1.2 m, to comply with a maximum running load of 1915 kg/m. ?
2298 kg
Be careful with questions about running load & floor loading... running load mass / length, so one dimensional. floor load = mass / area, so two dimensional..in this question, it is the running load that must be calculated.. the limit is 1915 kg for every metre. the pallet is 1.2 m long, so 1915 x 1.2 = 2298 kg
Question 93-23 : The structural limitation of a baggage compartment is 50 lb/ft2. a load has a mass of 320 kg and has to be distributed over an area of at least ?
1.31 m2
As the answers option in m2 so we need to convert the limitation from lb / ft2 to kg /m2...1 lb = 0.453 kg..50 lb = 0.453 x 50 = 22.65 kg..according to limitation we can fit 22.65 kg in one square feet...now we need to know how many kg we can fit in one square meter...1 m2 = 10.76 ft2..kg that can fit in square meter = 22.65 x 10.76 = 244 kg / m2..to fit the package of 320 kg we need 320 / 244 = 1.31 m2
Question 93-24 : The floor limit of an aircraft cargo hold is 5 000 n/m2. it is planned to load up a cubic container measuring 0.4 m of side. it's maximum gross mass must not exceed assume g = 10 m/s2 ?
80 kg
With these questions, a good knowledge of the following formula is required... mass = floor load x area. area = mass / floor load. floor load = mass / area...always be careful, especially before starting on the calculator, to check the units used by the examiner. in this case they are given as n/m2, assuming g = 10 m/s2...the floor limit is 5000 n per 1 m2..the area of the container is 0.4 x 0.4 = 0.16 m2... mass = floor load x area. mass= 5000 x 0.16 = 800 n = 80 kg
Question 93-25 : Considering the methods of loading cargo, which of the following answers is correct ?
Containers lock directly into the aircraft’s restraint system and have their own manifest.
A unit load device uld is a container used to load luggage, freight, and mail on wide body aircraft and specific narrow body aircraft. it allows a large quantity of cargo to be bundled into a single unit. since this leads to fewer units to load, it saves ground crews time and effort and helps prevent delayed flights. each uld has its own packing list or manifest so that its contents can be tracked...the most important purpose of a uld is to secure cargo during flight. the safety of the plane and its passengers comes first every time...uld also allows... eliminate the need for manual loading and unloading. protect cargo contents so that goods arrived undamaged. maximise the use of the aircraft’s cargo space. the fast and easy transfer of cargo between planes in transit...to prevent the ulds moving around during flight and potentially damaging the aircraft, the plane has loading and restraint systems. these interface directly with a uld, effectively locking the uld into place so it becomes part of the aircraft...correct answer container lock directly into the aircraft’s restraint system and have their own manifest.
Question 93-26 : Which of the listed containers is acceptable for loading in a cargo compartment with a maximum permissible running load of 630 kg/m container w base dimensions 1.1 m x 1.1 m loaded with 700 kg.. container x base dimensions 1.1 m x 1.1 m loaded with 760 kg.. container y base dimensions 1.2 m x 1.2 m ?
Question 93-27 : Calculate the minimum required floor contact area for a load of 0.126 metric tons, in order to avoid exceeding the cargo compartment’s maximum permissible floor load of 70 kg/m2. ?
1.80 m2
1 ton = 1 000 kg so 0.126 tons × 1 000 kg/t = 126 kg..we have a load of 126 kg and a floor limit of 70 kg / m2. we will need more than a square metre, but less than 2 m2 2 x 70 = 140, and we only have 126 kg..before touching the calculator, look at the answers... 8.82 m2 looks much too big an area.. 0.21 m2 under a square metre, too small.. 0.56 m2 under a square metre, too small.. 1.80 m2 looks likely so now check on the calculator...126 / 70 = 1.8 m2
Question 93-28 : The maximum load per running metre of an aeroplane is 350 kg/m. the width of the floor area is 2 metres. the floor strength limitation is 300 kg per square metre. which one of the following crates can be loaded directly on the floor ?
A load of 400 kg in a crate with dimensions 1.2 m × 1.2 m × 1.2 m.
Floor strength limitation 300 kg / m2..maximum load per running meter 350 kg / m....note that the dimensions are given as 'length x width x height' and..floor strength = load kg / surface area m2 , where surface area = length x width..running load = load kg / length of load m.we have to analyze the options.. a load of 700 kg in a crate with dimensions of 1.8 m x 1.4 m x 0.8 m wrong..floor strength = 700 / 1.8 x 1.4 = 277.8 kg/m2..running load = 700 / 1.8 = 388.9 kg/m... will exceed the maximum load per running meter 350 kg / m.. a load of 500 kg in a crate with dimensions of 1.5 m x 1 m x 1 m wrong..floor strength = 500 / 1.5 x 1 = 333.3 kg/m2..running load = 500 / 1.5 = 333.3 kg/m.. will exceed the strength load limitation of 300 kg / m2.. a load of 400 kg in a crate with dimensions of 1.4 m x 0.8 m x 0.8 m wrong..floor strength = 400 / 1.4 x 0.8 = 357 kg/m2..running load = 400 / 1.4 = 285.7 kg/m.. will exceed the strength load limitation of 300 kg / m2.. a load of 400 kg in a crate with dimensions of 1.2 m x 1.2 m x 1.2 m correct..floor strength = 400 / 1.2 x 1.2 = 277.78 kg/m2 => within limits..running load = 400 / 1.2 = 333.3 kg/m => within limits
Question 93-29 : A box weighing 105 kg is loaded into the cargo compartment. calculate the smallest required floor contact area of this box to avoid exceeding the maximum floor load of 600 kg/m2. ?
0.175 m2
Smallest contact area = box mass / maximum floor load = 105 / 600 = 0.175 m2
Question 93-30 : A piece of cargo of 1.3 m2 and a mass of 600 kg is loaded on two pallets with dimensions of 0.2 m x 1.2 m each. considering that the maximum area loading equals 367 kg/m2, can this cargo be transported in the cargo hold ?
No, because the maximum area load is exceeded.
The question only states the maximum area load. therefore, we assume that the other limits, such as maximum running load, are not violated...the mass of the cargo will be distributed over the area of the pallets..pallet area = 2 x 0.2 x 1.2 = 0.48 m2..cargo mass = 600 kg which will be distributed over 0.48 m2... area load = 600 kg 0.48 m2 = 1 250 kg/m2.. the maximum area load will be exceeded by 883 kg/m2.
Question 93-31 : A container with a base area of 5 x 5 ft is loaded into a cargo compartment. the maximum running load of the compartment is 85 lb/feet. the maximum possible weight of the container is ?
425 lb
Use the following formula . maximum possible mass container = maximum running load compartment x longest side container maximum possible mass container = 85 lb/ft x 5 maximum possible mass container = 425 lb
Question 93-32 : Which one of the following statements is true ?
Cargo may be loaded into a passenger compartment, provided that it is secured according to applicable regulations in eu ops 1.
Easa air ops. amc2 cat.op.mpa.160 stowage of baggage and cargo. carriage of cargo in the passenger compartmentthe following should be observed before carrying cargo in the passenger compartment. a for aeroplanes 1 dangerous goods should not be allowed. and. 2 a mix of passengers and live animals should only be allowed for pets weighing not more than 8 kg and guide dogs. b for aeroplanes and helicopters 1 the mass of cargo should not exceed the structural loading limits of the floor or seats.. 2 the number/type of restraint devices and their attachment points should be capable of restraining the cargo in accordance with applicable certification specifications. and. 3 the location of the cargo should be such that, in the event of an emergency evacuation, it will not hinder egress nor impair the crew’s view. even if you are not familiar with the eu ops 1 regulation, the remaining options are cleary incorrect.
Question 93-33 : The maximum running load of the aft cargo hold of an aeroplane is 1650 kg/m. assume the standard mass of the proposed pallet is 120 kg and 2299 kg of baggage have to be loaded in the aft cargo hold. which of the following pallets length x width should be used in order to comply with the running load ?
1.48 m x 1.46 m
Maximum running load is the total load permitted per unit of the fuselage length and is calculated by dividing the mass by the length of the load along the aircraft fore and aft axis... max running load = load / length....the load consists of the proposed pallet and the baggage mass... load = 120 kg + 2299 kg = 2419 kg....solving the above formula for length we get the smallest pallet length which does not exceed the max running load... length = 2419 kg / 1650 kg/m = 1.47 m...thus, only two dimensions of the pallet which do not exceed the max running load limit could be correct..1.48 m x 1.46 m and 1.50 m x 1.47 m..however, the question asks for the optimum pallet size which occupies the least possible area in the aft cargo hold, without exceeding any running load limit, of course. so, compare the two areas that each one pallet dimensions occupy... a pallet size of 1.48 m x 1.46 m covers an area of 2,16 sqm.. a pallet size of 1.50 m x 1.47 m covers an area of 2,2 sqm....therefore, the correct dimensions which both comply with the maximum running load limit and optimise best the space in the cargo hold, are 1.48 m x 1.46 m....note..the one of the dimensions should be more than 1.47 m otherwise running load limit will be exceeded.
Question 93-34 : A cubic container has a length of 0.9 m. the maximum mass that can be loaded in this container without exceeding the maximum permissible floor load of 240 kg/m2 is… ?
194.40 kg
Floor loading limits are specified by the manufacturers and must be observed by the operators. there are two limits to consider.. the maximum distribution load intensity or maximum permissible floor load. the maximum linear load or maximum permissible floor running load...the maximum distribution load intensity is the maximum static mass per unit area which the floor is designed to continuously carry. the distribution load intensity can be calculated by dividing the load by the floor area it covers or the contact area load intensity = load / floor area covered or contact area...the floor area that is covered by the cubic container is 0.9 m x 0.9 m = 0.81 m2...thus, the maximum mass that can be loaded in the cubic container is max load = max load intensity x floor area covered = 240 kg/m2 x 0.81 m2 = 194.4 kg.
Question 93-35 : Which of the following loading methods is recommended for the transport of unconventional cargo ?
Large and irregularly shaped cargo should be loaded as palletised cargo.
The freight is secured in unit load devices ulds , such as containers and pallets or restrained with nets as bulk cargo to stop shifting in flight, because shifting loads would affect the cg position, quite possibly causing an accident or damage to the airframe from inside...pallets and load spreading devices make freight handling easier and also act to spread the load reducing the problems arising from floor distribution load and running load limits...where the freight dimensions are unsuitable large and irregularly shaped for container uld, pallets with load spreading bars are used. the freight is secured with a cargo net and covered with a fire containment blanket if required...thus, large and irregularly shaped cargo should be loaded as palletised cargo.
Question 93-36 : During take off, the load is suddenly sliding and moving backwards. what happens to the aircraft's cg and stability ?
Cg moves aft and stability decreases.
The total mass of the aircraft can be said to act through one point, called the centre of gravity cg and the total lift acts through the centre of pressure cp. the relative positions of the cg and cp affect the longitudinal stability of the aircraft. in practice, the cg is usually forward of the cp, thus, the more forward the cg, the more stable the aircraft in pitch. some stability in pitch is desirable, but not too much...aircraft manufacturers determine a safe range for the cg. the aft limit is usually just in front of the centre of pressure, but it provides less stability than that provided by the forward limit...the position of cg is established by separately considering the empty aircraft and the items of load and fuel. the turning force or moment of each around a datum is calculated and then totalled to find where the total mass acts, i.e. the cg position...the moment is determined by the total mass and the distance of the each item from the datum moment = mass x arm and the cg position is determined by the total moment divided by the total mass cg = total moment / total mass. the greater the distance from the datum arm , the greater the moment, thus the more aft the cg position for a given mass...since the load is suddenly sliding and moving backwards, the distance between the sliding load and the datum increases, so its increased moment will increase the total moment too. thus, the cg position will move aft.
Question 93-37 : Regarding the handling of the cargo, which statement is correct ?
Containers provide better protection than pallets against damage to the cargo items.
The freight is secured in unit load devices ulds , such as containers and pallets or restrained with nets as bulk cargo to stop shifting in flight, because shifting loads would affect the cg position, quite possibly causing an accident or damage to the airframe from inside. pallet and load spreading devices make freight handling easier and also act to spread the load, reducing the problems arising from floor distribution load and running load limits.... containers are sealed metal boxes and have a number of advantages, such as easier loading of the cargo into the container and easier loading of the container onto and off the aircraft. other benefits include better protection against weather and damage, plus prevention of unauthorised access to the contents.. where the freight dimensions are unsuitable for container ulds, pallets with load spreading bars are used and the freight is secured with a cargo net and covered with a fire containment blanket, if required. pallets are more flexible, in terms of what they can accommodate odd shaped items , but, whatever you put on them, are more vulnerable to damage.
Question 93-38 : The maximum permissible floor loading for a cargo compartment in an aircraft is given as 170 kg per square metre. a package with a mass of 374 kg is to be loaded. assuming the pallet base is entirely in contact with the floor, which of the following is the minimum size pallet that can be used ?
1.6 m x 1.4 m
There are two floor loading limits to be considered.. the distribution load intensity, either floor area or contact area.. the running linear load....the maximum distribution load intensity is the maximum static mass per unit area, which the floor is designed to continuously carry and can be calculated by dividing the maximum load by the floor area it covers or the contact area maximum distribution load intensity = max load / min contact or floor area...solving the above the formula for min floor area, we get min floor area = max load / maximum distribution load intensity = 374 kg / 170 kg/m2 = 2.2 m2...the question asks for the minimum pallet size that can be used. so, the only pallet dimensions which are within limits equal or more than 2.2 m2 and conform the smallest in size pallet are 1.6 m by 1.4 m 1.6 x 1.4 = 2.24 m2.
Question 93-39 : What is correct regarding methods for cargo loading ?
Oversized cargo is best loaded in pallets.
The freight is secured in unit load devices ulds , such as containers and pallets or restrained with nets as bulk cargo to stop shifting in flight, because shifting loads would affect the cg position, quite possibly causing an accident or damage to the airframe from inside...pallets and load spreading devices make freight handling easier and also act to spread the load reducing the problems arising from floor distribution load and running load limits...where the freight dimensions are unsuitable large and irregularly shaped for container uld, pallets with load spreading bars are used. the freight is secured with a cargo net and covered with a fire containment blanket if required...palletised cargo avoids any movement during the flight and is a quicker method of loading the aircraft than bulk cargo.
Question 93-40 : Which of the following statements is accurate when comparing the attributes of pallets with those of containers pallets... ?
Are more suitable than containers for carrying oversized cargo items.
. cargo is fastened within unit load devices ulds , including containers and pallets, or it is secured using nets when transported as bulk cargo. this is done to prevent movement during flight, as shifting loads could affect the position of the aircraft's center of gravity cg , potentially leading to accidents or causing internal damage to the airframe.pallets and load spreading devices make freight handling easier and also act to spread the load reducing the problems arising from floor distribution load and running load limits.where the freight dimensions are unsuitable large and irregularly shaped for container uld, pallets with load spreading bars are used. the freight is secured with a cargo net and covered with a fire containment blanket if required.palletised cargo avoids any movement during the flight and is a quicker method of loading the aircraft than bulk cargo.
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